https://en.bitcoin.it/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Parliament&feedformat=atomBitcoin Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T10:50:40ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.30.0https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Parliament&diff=30259User:Parliament2012-08-29T07:03:48Z<p>Parliament: Created page with "Contributors Award participant: 1MrBps7VTQEBnxraycTou4dorMb6sRboL3"</p>
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<div>Contributors Award participant: 1MrBps7VTQEBnxraycTou4dorMb6sRboL3</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Category:Individuals&diff=30208Category:Individuals2012-08-28T12:40:24Z<p>Parliament: Created page with "Individual persons significant to Bitcoin development, community, or history."</p>
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<div>Individual persons significant to Bitcoin development, community, or history.</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Satoshi_Nakamoto&diff=30207Satoshi Nakamoto2012-08-28T12:38:34Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
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<div>[[File:Satoshi-nakamoto.gif|thumb|200px|right|Picture of Satoshi Nakamoto.]]<br />
<br />
'''Satoshi Nakamoto''' is the founder of [[Bitcoin]] and initial creator of the [[Original Bitcoin client]]. He has said in a P2P foundation profile<ref name="p2p_f_profile">[http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/profile/SatoshiNakamoto Satoshi Nakamoto profile on P2P Foundation]</ref> that he is from Japan. Beyond that, not much else is known about him and his identity. He has been working on the Bitcoin project since 2007.<ref>[http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=13.msg46#msg46 Re: Questions about Bitcoin]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
His involvement in the Bitcoin project had tapered and by late 2010 it has ended. The most recent messages reportedly indicate that Satoshi is "gone for good"<ref>[http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/logs/2011/04/26/5#l445170 Transcript of #bitcoin-dev for 2011/04/26]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Possible Motives==<br />
<br />
He left some clues about why he is doing this project with the inclusion of the following text in the [[Genesis block]], "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks".<br />
<br />
Some interesting quotes:<br />
<blockquote><p>Yes, [we will not find a solution to political problems in cryptography,] but we can win a major battle in the arms race and gain a new territory of <br />
freedom for several years.</p><br />
<br />
<p>Governments are good at cutting off the heads of a centrally controlled <br />
networks like Napster, but pure P2P networks like Gnutella and Tor seem to be <br />
holding their own.<ref>[http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg09971.html Re: Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper Fri, 07 Nov 2008 09:30:36 -0800]</ref></p></blockquote><br />
<br />
<blockquote>It's very attractive to the libertarian viewpoint if we can explain it <br />
properly. I'm better with code than with words though. <ref>[http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10001.html Re: Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper Fri, 14 Nov 2008 14:29:22]</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==Possible identity==<br />
<br />
His identity and nationality are unknown. The few bits of information available<ref name="p2p_f_profile"/> about him point to Japan, he never wrote a single line of Japanese, the Bitcoin client has no Japanese version and there is no Japanese page on [http://bitcoin.org bitcoin.org].<br />
<br />
He is entirely unknown outside of Bitcoin as far as anyone can tell, and his PGP key was created just months prior to the date of the genesis block. He seems to be very familiar with the cryptography mailing list, but there are no non-Bitcoin posts from him on it. He has used an email address from an anonymous mail hosting service (vistomail) as well as one from a free webmail account (gmx.com) and sends mail when connected via Tor. Some have speculated that his entire identity was created in advance in order to protect himself or the network. Perhaps he chose the name Satoshi because it can mean "wisdom" or "reason".<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://forum.bitcoin.org/Satoshi_Nakamoto.asc Satoshi's PGP public key]<br />
* [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System] Paper<br />
* [http://sourceforge.net/users/s_nakamoto SourceForge page]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[de:Satoshi Nakamoto]]<br />
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[[Category:Individuals]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Category:Instructional&diff=30206Category:Instructional2012-08-28T12:34:36Z<p>Parliament: Created page with "Instructions and how-to articles. ==See Also== * :Category:Introduction"</p>
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<div>Instructions and how-to articles. <br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[:Category:Introduction]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Setting_up_a_secure_ecommerce_site&diff=30205Setting up a secure ecommerce site2012-08-28T12:30:46Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
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<div>Upload a large collection of public addresses to your server, and go through them for orders. Don't host a bitcoind controlled wallet on your server, as that just creates a reason to attack your server. It also just becomes a potential attack vector if you set it up to respond to api requests.<br />
<br />
You can use blockexplorer's api to check the balance on an address and mark it as complete and do whatever you do with your goods for paid orders. Don't recycle public addresses, just make more.<br />
<br />
Using this fork of pywallet:<br />
https://github.com/RobKohr/pywallet<br />
<br />
that imports a list of private keys in a text file (option importprivkeyfile). I open a csv in excel that I created from copying a bunch of addresses from http://www.bitaddress.org. The private addresses column I save to one text file, and import it into my wallet using pywallet. The public addresses I import into a database for the server. I use mongodb, but really any database works. Here is the basic table format for the table address_pool:<br />
<br />
| public_address - varchar<br />
| used - boolean, default false<br />
<br />
When I create an order, I grab a public address where used is false, and update that row to set used = true. I stick that public address in my order table with the users order info, and then show them the public address to pay to. <br />
<br />
Nice, simple, and secure, and doesn't require any outside payment processer looking to skim a profit off of my sales.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Securing online services]]<br />
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[[Category:Instructional]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Secure_Trading&diff=30204Secure Trading2012-08-28T12:30:29Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
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<div>''Secure Trading Online''<br />
<br />
Bitcoin users may want to trade bitcoin directly with each other in what is known as an over-the-counter market. This topic is a guide on how to set up your online identity and includes some best practices for trading with others in the Bitcoin community.<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Within the Bitcoin community, individuals should be careful with their security and identity, primarily for two reasons:<br />
# At this time, there is little in the way of law enforcement. No court has dealt directly with a significant theft of bitcoins or determined Bitcoin's legal status. Bitcoin users are for the most part, on their own.<br />
# In lieu of legal action and lack of community trust outside the Bitcoin system itself, one's reputation has become the focus for building trust relationships with others in the community. Traders will take very little risk with new users who have not proven themselves (as one user can easily commit continuous fraud using many different identities.<br />
<br />
The Bitcoin community uses a few tools to help protect privacy, and thus identity. The first and most important is a [[Securing Your Computer|secure computer]].<br /><br />
<br />
'''Before proceeding please make sure you have completed the [[Securing Your Computer]] guide; this guide assumes that your computer is secure both physically and in software.'''<br />
<br />
If you are trading within Canada you are encouraged to use Interac e-transfer and Clearcoin (now closed) as outlined on [[Secure Trading-CAD-interac|this page]].<br />
<br />
==Creating a secure identity==<br />
The first step is to create a cryptographically secure public-private key-pair. This will be used as the basis of keeping both your wallet (see [[Securing your wallet]]) and your identity secure.<br />
<br />
===Creating your first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy PGP] key-pair===<br />
A PGP key-pair serves two very important functions:<br />
# To sign information with an unforgeable signature<br />
# To decrypt things that other people encrypt for you<br />
<br />
This allows you to both conduct business privately (encryption), and give out promises that you cannot deny making (signature).<br />
==== Installing GPG ====<br />
Virtually all GNU/Linux distributions include [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard GPG] in their default configurations, but Microsoft Windows users will need to install additional software.<br />
<br />
===== Microsoft Windows:=====<br />
On Windows, the recommend package that contains GPG is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_%28software%29 Git] package by the [http://code.google.com/p/msysgit msysgit project]. This package contains a collection of Unix tools that are very useful for any Windows installation.<br />
<br />
* Navigate to [[Git|msysgit]] https://code.google.com/p/msysgit/downloads/list<br />
* Select the latest ''Git'' package. (Git-1.7.4-preview20110204.exe)<br />
* When installing Git on the ''Adjusting your PATH environment'' screen, select: ''Run Git and included Unix tools from the Windows Command Prompt''<br /><br />
This option will install both Git and its supporting tools that include [[gpg]] into the Windows file PATH. This will enable any Windows application to access GPG.<br /><br />
It is possible that some other software on your system has installed GPG before. If you think this may be the case, it is advised to use the search tool or command prompt to find or run GPG respectively.<br />
* After installation, GPG can be used by entering 'gpg' into any Windows Command Prompt (cmd).<br />
<br />
==== Setting up OpenPGP email ====<br />
Once you have GPG installed on your system, it is recommended that you use Thunderbird that works on both Windows and Linux systems:<br />
<br />
===== All: =====<br />
# Install Thunderbird: https://www.mozillamessaging.com/en-GB/ <br />
# Setup your email account with Thunderbird.<br />
# Install the Enigmail plugin for Thunderbird: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/addon/enigmail/<br /><br />
<br />
Upon loading Enigmail, Thunderbird will ask you to make a new ‘identity,’ follow this wizard and you will have created your identity.<br /><br />
You should backup your private key in a secure place.<br /><br />
Secondary, you should create a revocation certificate and store that in a different secure place (maybe print it out and store it in your fire safe).<br />
<br />
===Register with [#bitcoin-otc]===<br />
Follow the guide here: http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/Using_bitcoin-otc<br />
<br />
===Register the same username at the popular places:===<br />
* [[Bitcoin Forum]]<br />
* [[Bitcoin.it_Wiki|Bitcoin Wiki]]<br />
* [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Freenode IRC]]<br />
Use a strong and different password for each of these places, keeping your passwords in a secure place. This will allow other people in the community to track you across the different Bitcoin related sites. Also making identity theft online more challenging.<br />
<br />
==Best Practices with trading==<br />
===Use Bitcoin-OTC===<br />
The [[Bitcoin-otc|Bitcoin OTC]] acts as a secure 'Address Book' within the bitcoin community.<br />
* Always require the user to become registered with #bitcoin-otc.<br />
* Require a signed message from the fingerprint quoted at: http://bitcoin-otc.com/viewgpg.php<br />
* Follow additional [http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/Using_bitcoin-otc#Risk_of_fraud recommendations] for avoiding fraud.<br />
<br />
====Using the Web-Of-Trust====<br />
One of the key features of the Bitcoin OTC is the Web of Trust, this allows users to 'rate' each other. One can have more confidence trading with a user that has many good ratings.<br />
* http://bitcoin-otc.com/viewratings.php<br />
<br />
===Make sure both parties agree to the terms of the trade with signed messages===<br />
* Get a PGP signed quote, and check the signature.<br />
* Send a PGP signed receipt.<br />
This allows either party to go public if the trade has become sour and stops your trading partner from claiming the details of the agreement were somehow different.<br /><br />
<br />
Search the Bitcoin Forum for the username of the person that you are trading with. Check if the user has provided constructive and useful advice to other parties. And, most importantly, check for any claims that the user has scammed.<br />
<br />
===Use an escrow===<br />
Trading might benefit from an [[:Category:Escrow_services|escrow service]] such that bitcoins are disbursed only after contract terms have been met.<br /><br />
<br />
Additionally, found in Bitcoin's community are trusted individuals willing to act as independent, third-party escrow brokers.<br />
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[[de:Sicheres_Handeln]]<br />
[[zh-cn:交易安全]]<br />
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[[Category:Instructional]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Securing_Your_Computer&diff=30203Securing Your Computer2012-08-28T12:30:12Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
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<div>If you want to [[Secure Trading|trade securely]], you must observe some security precautions. Along with the concerns of conventional online banking, trading with Bitcoins also requires physically securing your computer.<br />
<br />
==Operating System==<br />
Even the best operating system is only as good as it is maintained and configured.<br />
<br />
===Updates===<br />
In general, make sure to install all the safety-related updates from the manufacturer. Modern operating systems have an automatic update feature that is essential to activate. This ensures that available updates are always installed as soon as possible. This is important because as soon as the manufacturer patches a security issue, the error usually is already well known in certain circles long before the patch is released.<br />
<br />
===Virus Protection===<br />
To minimize the possibility of malicious software like viruses or trojans finding a home in your computer, it is important to install a functioning and current virus scanner.<br />
<br />
Also it is important to realize the principle of "more is better" does not apply. Installing two, or even more, virus scanners on a computer can greatly reduce system stability, speed, and usability. For home users, there is a variety of virus scanners that are free for home use that are completely sufficient.<br />
<br />
For more detailed information please visit the corresponding [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_software Wikipedia Site]].<br />
<br />
===Firewall===<br />
A firewall protects against outside access to your computer and installed applications, preventing unauthorized access to the network. Since no virus scanner can detect all potential pests, a firewall is therefore a useful protection against trojans, for if one does happen to get installed, it will be unable to transmit passwords or similar information.<br />
<br />
If you do not have a well-configured hardware firewall, or do not know if you are behind one, it is absolutely necessary to install and configure a software firewall (one typically comes built-in to the operating system). A software firewall is a useful addition to a hardware firewall, since there is a possibility that another computer within your network is already infected, or has some other nefarious intention.<br />
<br />
Also, a firewall is only as good as it is configured. The rule "the stricter the better" definitely applies. It should only allow applications that you know and trust to access the network. Some firewalls will recognize the ports used by particular applications to communicate with the outside world. If this is not the case, you should consult your firewall's documentation for direction on how to open a port. The port that Bitcoin uses is port 8333.<br />
<br />
For more detailed information, please visit the corresponding [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing) Wikipedia Site]].<br />
<br />
==Theft==<br />
To ensure [[Secure Trading|secure trading]], the physical components of your computer, as well as any media (USB stick, external hard drive, etc) on which your wallet is stored, must be secured.<br />
<br />
===Anti-theft===<br />
Many laptops and even some desktop computers can be secured with a cable designed to prevent theft. Such cables are named after the largest manufacturer of security cables, Kensington, and are designed to connect to the computer's "Kensington Security Slot". Use of such a security cable allows a computer to be "chained" to an immovable object such as a heating pipe, or a specially mounted bracket. This will not make theft impossible, but makes theft incredibly difficult without the proper set of tools.<br />
<br />
===Encryption===<br />
Since computers can not always be chained up everywhere, and even the best security cable is not immune to bolt cutters, it is important that the medium on which you store your [[wallet]] be encrypted. For example, [[http://www.truecrypt.org TrueCrypt]] is an open source program and can be used to encrypt your media.<br />
Although the computer might have been stolen, at least the thief does not have access to your wallet and cannot send Bitcoins in your name. Despite being encrypted and safe from prying eyes, your wallet is still irretrievably lost, which makes it important to regularly keep a [[backup]] of your wallet.<br />
With processors always getting faster, brute force attacks on passwords are getting easier and easier. To stem this advance in password-breaking, a good-length (>12 characters), complex password with special characters should be used. [[http://www.truecrypt.org TrueCrypt]] itself even recommends the use of at least 20 characters.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[Securing your wallet]]<br />
*[[Secure Trading]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Sichern des Computers]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Instructional]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Wallet_Security_Dos_and_Don%27ts_(Windows)&diff=30202Wallet Security Dos and Don'ts (Windows)2012-08-28T12:29:52Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
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<div>*'''Don't''' keep all your bitcoins in one wallet.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' send bitcoins to a wallet that hasn't been backed up ''beforehand''.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' send [[Securing_your_wallet#General_Solutions|unencrypted]] copies of your wallets over the Internet.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' store unencrypted copies of your wallets on online backup/storage services.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' run or install programs from questionable sources on the system where you are running bitcoin.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' click on questionable links in your browser. <br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' run bitcoin on an untrusted or badly maintained machine. <br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' run software that has been copied illegally (eg, "warez")<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' install unnecessary browser plugins.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' use a password for wallet encryption that you use elsewhere on the web.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' use weak passwords. If a password is easy to remember without rehearsal, it is probably weak.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' forget your passwords. If you write them down on a piece of paper, keep that piece of paper in a safety deposit box.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' store unencrypted copies of your wallets on a device that you insert into machines of friends, at work, or while traveling.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' insert any devices of doubtful origin.<br />
<br />
*'''Don't''' develop a carefree attitude towards wallet security. Handle bitcoins with the same amount of diligence as you handle physical cash. <br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' keep at least one [[How to set up a secure offline savings wallet|offline savings wallet]].<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' backup your spending wallet regularly.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' keep dated versions of each backed up wallet.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' [[Securing_your_wallet#General_Solutions|encrypt]] all wallets as soon as they leave your system.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' keep encrypted backups of all your wallets in at least 3 physically separate locations.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' use strong, unique passwords to encrypt your wallets.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' use [http://www.truecrypt.org/docs/?s=keyfiles keyfiles] to encrypt your wallets, and keep backups of your keyfiles in at least 3 physically separate locations.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' use a good antivirus and firewall, and keep them up to date (but understand their limitations). <br />
<br />
*'''Do''' update all your installed programs to the latest version.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' update your operating system with the latest security patches.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' uninstall all programs that you don't use regularly.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' uninstall all browser plugins/ add-ons that you don't use regularly.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' always browse in private mode.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' use the [http://noscript.net/ NoScript] plugin (or similar) in your browser and whitelist only the sites you trust.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' run programs from questionable sources inside a virtual machine, such as [http://www.virtualbox.org/ VirtualBox].<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' browse questionable websites from inside a virtual machine.<br />
<br />
*'''Do''' connect the bitcoin client and IRC via [[Tor]]. <br />
<br />
*If you own a large number of bitcoins, '''do''' invest time and money in order to secure them, just like you would with other valuables. If you lack the technical expertise, ask or pay somebody else to do it for you.<br />
<br />
*If you believe your computer has been compromised, '''do''' wipe your HD and perform a clean OS install.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Instructional]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Ways_to_store_Bitcoins&diff=30201Ways to store Bitcoins2012-08-28T12:29:40Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
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<div>The following is a list of different ways to store Bitcoins.<br />
<br />
<br />
==On your computer with the Bitcoin software==<br />
* '''Pro:''' Simple to understand, and the coins are easy to spend.<br />
* '''Con:''' The Bitcoin software is not user friendly, takes a long time (hours to days) to download the block chain, and occasionally has issues that are difficult for non-advanced users to recover from.<br />
* '''Con:''' Maximum vulnerability to malware and hackers. Your coins can be stolen if your computer is compromised.<br />
<br />
If you store Bitcoins on a computer, make sure you take regular backups of the [[Wallet|wallet.dat]] file. This is the file that contains your [[private keys]]. Loss of this file will result in the permanent loss of your balance.<br />
<br />
==On removable media==<br />
You can store Bitcoins on removable media, including USB flash drives and CD-R's. These can then be kept in drawers, safes, safety deposit boxes, etc.<br />
<br />
Storing Bitcoins on removable media is done by saving a copy of the [[Wallet|wallet.dat]] file, and then removing it from the computer. This should be done with the Bitcoin software completely shut down. Because removable media can fail, it is advisable to keep any significant balance on two different pieces of media (e.g. two different USB flash drives).<br />
<br />
* '''Pro:''' When Bitcoins are saved on removable media and completely removed from online computers, and no one has a copy of the file, the risk that they can be stolen is eliminated.<br />
* '''Pro:''' Relatively simple for majority of computer users.<br />
* '''Con:''' Requires use of the Bitcoin client, with its associated drawbacks (hours/days to download block chain, etc.)<br />
* '''Con:''' Not user friendly for average non-technical computer users. The location of the wallet.dat file is in a folder that is normally hidden to Windows users, and restoring it requires a command line option that is difficult for novices to figure out.<br />
<br />
Important: If a wallet is restored from removable media and then is partially spent, it is important to take a new backup. This is because some of the unspent portion is sent to a newly generated "change" address, whose [[private key]] under some rare circumstances might be a newly generated one, not present in the original backup. If a new backup is not taken and the wallet.dat containing that new key is later lost, part or all of the unspent balance can be lost with it.<br />
<br />
==On a third party website==<br />
Bitcoins can be stored on exchanges and other websites that allow deposits and withdrawals of balances. Even if not designed for this, websites that allow withdrawals to any Bitcoin address can be used to make payments, because you can always do a withdrawal to somebody else's address, which is functionally identical to making a payment to that address yourself.<br />
* '''Pro:''' Simple to understand and use.<br />
* '''Pro:''' No software needed, no blockchain to download.<br />
* '''Pro:''' Bitcoins can be accessed from mobile devices.<br />
* '''Con:''' Coins can be stolen by the website operator with little to no effective recourse.<br />
* '''Con:''' Coins can be stolen or irreversibly destroyed if the website operator gets hacked or fails to take appropriate precautions (such as regular backups)<br />
* '''Con:''' Coins can be stolen if your account password is compromised (such as via keyloggers or "phishing" attacks).<br />
<br />
In summary, third party websites are generally good for storing small amounts of bitcoins that you want to access quickly. But because of the multiple ways they can be stolen, they are not a good way to store significant balances you cannot afford to lose.<br />
<br />
==On a paper wallet or bank card==<br />
Bitcoins can be stored on [[paper wallet]]s or [[Bitcoin bank card]]s - which essentially the same thing, just made out of different materials. A paper wallet is a sheet of paper upon which [[private keys]] and Bitcoin addresses have been printed. You give out the Bitcoin addresses and receive bitcoins. A bank card is a pre-printed card with a single Bitcoin address and private key - often provided with a separate carrying card that only has the Bitcoin address.<br />
<br />
In order to spend the bitcoins, the private key must be imported into a Bitcoin client or entered into a website that accepts deposits via private keys.<br />
<br />
You can create your own paper wallets with open-source software, see the [[paper wallet]]s article for details. Engraved metal bank cards can be obtained from [[BitBills]]. Pre-made paper wallets by Casascius can be obtained at the same online store as [[Casascius physical bitcoins]].<br />
<br />
* '''Pro:''' Very secure. If a paper wallet is created securely, the bitcoins cannot be remotely stolen or hacked.<br />
* '''Con:''' No easy way yet for novices or average computer users to import the keys. Users must manipulate their wallet file with [[pywallet]] or use a copy of the Bitcoin software with a special patch applied. No web sites are known to accept Bitcoin private keys yet.<br />
* '''Con:''' If you acquire a paper wallet or bank card from a third party, they will have had access to the [[private key]]. Ensure you trust or have recourse against the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
==On a bearer item==<br />
Bitcoins can be stored on bearer items, which include [[BitBills]] and [[physical bitcoins]]. Bearer items are functionally identical to paper wallets, their only difference being that the private key is embedded in some object that must be torn open in order to gain access to it.<br />
<br />
* '''Pro:''' If manufactured with appropriate controls, they are completely immune to hackers and remote theft.<br />
* '''Pro:''' They can be understood by people completely unfamiliar with the virtual currency or how it works, including non-technical people and senior citizens. In physical form, they function much like cash or gold.<br />
* '''Pro:''' They are often appealing as collectibles.<br />
* '''Con:''' They are not very portable. They have to be broken to spend the Bitcoins in any transaction that's not face-to-face.<br />
* '''Con:''' They almost always cost a premium that exceeds their face value.<br />
* '''Con:''' The manufacturer of the bearer item had access to the private key to produce the item, and therefore could steal the balance. The keys could also be stolen from the manufacturer if all copies other than the one placed in the item weren't properly destroyed. Ensure you trust or have recourse against the manufacturer.<br />
* '''Con:''' Depending on their complexity, they could be counterfeited. Counterfeits would have zero Bitcoin value, or would be made with multiple copies of the same private key, all of which would appear to have value when checked online but only one of which could be spent.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Instructional]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=How_to_easily_type_the_circled_B_symbol_on_a_Mac&diff=30200How to easily type the circled B symbol on a Mac2012-08-28T12:29:26Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>There are several ways you can enter the ⓑ or Ⓑ symbol on a Mac, depending on how frequently you think you will do it.<br />
<br />
If you think you might type it a lot, the quickest way is to open up a Terminal window and enter the following two commands:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
mkdir ~/Library/KeyBindings<br />
echo '{ "~b" = ("insertText:", "\U24D1"); "~B" = ("insertText:", "\U24B7"); }' >>~/Library/KeyBindings/DefaultKeyBinding.dict<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
You can just copy/paste them if you aren't sure what they mean.<br />
<br />
This sets up MacOS X to recognize Option + b as the lowercase encircled b character ⓑ and Option + B as the uppercase equivalent Ⓑ. After running these commands you have to restart applications for them to pick up the new keybinding. It only works for Cocoa applications (which is nearly all of them these days).<br />
<br />
[[Category:Instructional]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=How_to_import_private_keys&diff=30199How to import private keys2012-08-28T12:29:15Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>If you are using [[Cold storage]], a [[Paper wallet]] or generating [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25804.0 vanity addresses] you may have a need to import a [[Private key]]. Since Bitcoin-QT/bitcoind v0.6.0, you can import private keys using built-in RPC command [[importprivkey]]. Before v0.6.0, you needed to rely on third-party [[wallet.dat]] manipulation tool such as [[Pywallet]]. <br />
<br />
As of August 2012, possibly the easiest way to import a private key is using [[Blockchain.info]]'s My Wallet service. When successully imported through the "Import/Export" screen, the bitcoins assigned to a private key can be immediately sent to any Bitcoin address. The [[MtGox]] Bitcoin exchange will allow individual private keys to be redeemed but since they must sweep the address, the user must wait 6 confirmations for access to the funds. There is an API method to import an entire wallet.dat as well.<br />
<br />
This article describes how to import a private key through the RPC API of bitcoind, which is a topic for advanced users.<br />
<br />
'''Note that importing a key to bitcoind and/or Bitcoin-Qt may be dangerous and is not recommended unless you understand the full details of how it works'''<br />
<br />
== Start Bitcoin client ==<br />
Unlike third-party wallet.dat manipulation tools such as [[Pywallet]], you do not have to close the Bitcoin client before proceeding. Instead, you need to start the bitcoind server.<br />
* Close bitcoin-qt and start ''bitcoind -damon'' in Terminal Emulator. The version of bitcoind MUST be the same as bitcoin-qt!<br />
<br />
Bitcoin-QT does not enable its RPC interface by default. To enable it:<br />
* Close Bitcoin-QT and restart it with ''bitcoin-qt -server''.<br />
<br />
== Unlock your wallet ==<br />
If you have an encrypted wallet (recommended), you need to unlock it temporarily before importing private keys. The RPC command for unlocking an encrypted wallet is ''walletpassphrase <passphrase> <timeout>''. Typing this directly in a bash terminal will leave your wallet passphrase directly in the bash history but there are a couple of techniques you can use to avoid this. Simply add a space before the command:<br />
<br />
(space)bitcoind walletpassphrase yourpassphrase 120<br />
<br />
Another alternative is to use a bash variable:<br />
<br />
read x<br />
(input your passphrase)<br />
bitcoind walletpassphrase "$x" 120 # Do not set the timeout too long or too short.<br />
<br />
== Import Private key(s) ==<br />
The last command unlocked your wallet temporarily for 120 seconds, during which time you must import your private keys. Since private keys can be as important as your passphrase, you may want to use the same techniques as above to prevent their being recorded in bash history (bash variable or space before the command):<br />
<br />
(space)bitcoind importprivkey "5yourveryveryveryverylongprivatekeystring" "my-new-key" # "my-new-key" is a label for the key/address pair and is optional<br />
<br />
The importing process is now started. Bitcoind will rescan the entire block data to ensure this key has not been used before. This process will take from one to two minutes, depending on your CPU performance. DO NOT abort it before finishing!<br />
<br />
If no errors occurs, the import is a success and Bitcoin-QT users will be able to see the new address in the GUI immediately. If you need to import more keys, just repeat the instructions above. There is currently no command to import a batch of private keys so you will need to wait a minute or two for each key to be imported.<br />
<br />
== Cleaning up ==<br />
<br />
bitcoind walletlock<br />
<br />
This will lock your wallet again (so you don't have to wait for timeout)<br />
<br />
unset x<br />
unset y<br />
<br />
These commands will clear the passphrase and private key from memory if you used the ''read'' technique. If you started bitcoind, you will need to stop it before Bitcoin-QT will start again:<br />
<br />
bitcoind stop<br />
<br />
===Deleting Keys===<br />
At some point, you may wish to delete private keys from a wallet.dat file but as of version v0.6.0 of Bitcoin-QT/bitcoind, there is no RPC method available for this purpose.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Instructional]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet&diff=30198How to set up a secure offline savings wallet2012-08-28T12:28:59Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>== Why set up an offline savings wallet? ==<br />
<br />
Modern operating systems are getting more and more complex. The flip side of all this complexity is that they generally have a large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_surface attack surface] and constantly leak information without the user’s knowledge or consent. No matter how many precautions you take, your wallets will never be 100% safe on a computer that is connected to the internet.<br />
<br />
Because bitcoins are stored directly on your computer and because they are real money, the motivation for sophisticated and targeted attacks against your system is higher than in the pre-bitcoin era, when only large organizations normally had to worry about such attacks. <br />
<br />
This guide will instruct you on how to create an offline wallet, a wallet that never even touches the internet in its plaintext form. This security measure is also referred to as being an air gap. For all practical purposes, this wallet is safe from all online threats, such as viruses and hackers. It is however still exposed to offline threats, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_keylogger hardware keyloggers], extortion, or people looking over your shoulder. A best practice is to keep the majority of your bitcoins in the offline wallet and only to use the online wallet for everyday expenses/earnings.<br />
<br />
The below procedure may seem tedious, but remember that security almost always comes at the cost of convenience. When you deposit money at a bank, you let them worry about security. Bitcoins, however, are stored on '''your''' computer and that means '''you''' are fully responsible for securing them. The bitcoin ecosystem is still very young and unfortunately no user friendly tools for creating highly secure wallets have been developed yet (though some members of the Bitcoin community are [http://forum.bitcoin.org/?topic=7357.0 working hard at this]).<br />
<br />
== How to deposit funds ==<br />
<br />
# Set up a [http://www.wuala.com/en/bitcoin Wuala] account, or other cloud backup service of your choice.<br />
# Create a strong and unique password offline (manually). This password should be at least 20 characters long; it should contain numbers, upper and lower case letters, and symbols. It should be as random as possible, ie it should look something like this: Zr%8qL03&cvwS9@05AatdP71. Never use this password elsewhere. <br />
# '''Do not forget this password'''. Recite it several times a day. It is easy to overestimate your ability to remember a password several months in the future. To be on the safe side, write it down and store the piece of paper in a safety deposit box.<br />
# Download [http://www.bitcoin.org/ Bitcoin Linux binary] and save it on a USB drive.<br />
# Shut down your computer, and boot [http://www.ubuntu.com/ Ubuntu] (or Linux distribution of you choice) from a [http://www.ubuntu.com/download/ubuntu/download liveCD]. This will not affect your current operating system. <br />
# '''Disconnect machine from the internet'''. Unplug any network cables and disable wireless. Verify that wireless is disabled in the icon on the upper right corner (Ubuntu). Double check that machine is disconnected by opening the web browser.<br />
# Run bitcoin while disconnected to the internet. The client will show 0 connections and 0 blocks, but it will still generate a wallet.dat file and a bitcoin address. <br />
# Encrypt your wallet using the strong and unique password from step 2 above. (Bitcoin Client > Settings > Encrypt wallet)<br />
# Copy wallet.dat (found in hidden folder .bitcoin in your home directory) to USB drive.<br />
# Save bitcoin address to a text file and copy it to USB drive.<br />
# Shut down system and turn off computer. Before switching your computer on again, remove all power sources for about 1 minute. Physically remove battery from laptop.<br />
# Backup encrypted wallet.dat file in several places: <br />
#*Send it to your 5 best friends by email attachment and ask them to save it for you.<br />
#*Save it on your Wuala account created in step 1.<br />
#*Save it on several USB drives and CDs and store them in different geographic locations.<br />
#Send bitcoins to the address saved on the USB drive. Double check in the [[Bitcoin Block Explorer|block explorer]] that they have been sent.<br />
<br />
==How to retrieve funds ==<br />
<br />
#Boot from Ubuntu liveCD, as in step 5 above. <br />
#Insert USB drive.<br />
#Run bitcoin client and close it again.<br />
#Replace wallet.dat in ~/.bitcoin directory with wallet.dat from USB drive.<br />
#Connect to the internet.<br />
#Restart bitcoin client.<br />
#Wait for blocks to download (optional).<br />
#Send bitcoins.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
*This procedure is only secure if you perform steps 1-13 in this '''exact order'''.<br />
<br />
*Perform one or two trial runs of the above procedure with a few bitcents, and make sure that you know how to successfully retrieve them, before making a bulk transfer.<br />
<br />
*Every time you retrieve bitcoins from your savings wallet, create a fresh savings wallet by repeating the above procedure, and send all your remaining savings balance there.<br />
<br />
*There is more than one way to do it. Similar procedures have been suggested on the forums [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=17240.0 here] and [http://forum.bitcoin.org/?topic=5194.0 here].<br />
<br />
*Beware that even savings wallets have limited lifetimes. New, backwards incompatible versions of bitcoin might come out in future, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard AES] might be broken, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rot bit rot] might destroy your wallets, etc. Update to fresh savings wallets every couple of years, or as needed.<br />
<br />
* See [[How to import private keys]] for an alternative way of retrieve your coins.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Instructional]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Secure_Trading-CAD-interac&diff=30197Secure Trading-CAD-interac2012-08-28T12:28:43Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>''You have been mining for a while and now would be a nice time to cash out? You've learned enough about Bitcoin to know it's the best money out there - the first as good as gold and a lot easier to carry? How can you exchange easily with minimum hassle? Forget about the trust and feedback system. Real traders do business, not friendly chit-chat. (But you're always welcome on '''#bitcoin-cad''' on '''freenode.net''' if you want to talk.) <br />
<br />
In Canada you can either trade using the [http://bitcoin-otc.com/ Over The Counter (OTC)] system and its web of trust system, or register with the first Canadian-based exchange - [https://www.cavirtex.com cavirtex.com]. ''<br />
<br />
When conducting trades [http://plasticliving.blogspot.com/2011/05/bitcoin-otc-quickstart-guide.html using the OTC] you are strongly encouraged to check the rating of individuals you are about to trade with. '''Look for a cumulative rating of at least 8, that has come from at least 3 other individuals with good ratings, and that is at least 2 weeks old'''. if you do not have such a rating then you are going to have to trust the party that has a better trust rating than you until you have enough good trades and ratings to have built a good reputation yourself. <br />
<br />
When sending and receiving money the preferred method is a service called Interac, which has a marvellous system called [http://www.interac.ca/consumers/productsandservices_ol_eTransfer.php Interac e-transfer]. Fees are normally between 0 and 2$ per transaction (check with your bank or credit union). <br />
# '''E-mail the money (minus the password)''';<br />
# '''Send the password by e-mail, IRC, PM on a forum, smoke messages...'''<br />
<br />
''(Please note it takes around 30 minutes for an Interac e-transfer transfer to be sent.)''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Instructional]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=TradeHill&diff=30194TradeHill2012-08-28T12:17:24Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>Formerly a bitcoin [[currency exchange]] site that at its height was the second largest.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
First mention on the site was on June 8th, 2011<ref>[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=13650.0 Bitcoin Worldwide Exclusive: New Competitor to MtGox: http://TradeHill.com]</ref> which is also the "go live" date display on the exchange's status page<ref>[https://www.tradehill.com/Support/Status TradeHill Updates]</ref>.<br />
<br />
On July 25, 2011 the exchange reported anomalies with [[Dwolla]] payments and stopped accepting Dwolla for deposits<ref>[http://tradehillblog.com/2011/07/26/why-we-are-no-longer-accepting-dwolla/ Why We Are No Longer Accepting Dwolla]</ref>.<br />
<br />
On August 10, 2011 the exchange resumed providing methods for SEPA transfers for deposit and withdrawal<ref>[http://tradehillblog.com/2011/08/10/tradehill-is-back-on-the-sepa-zone TradeHill is Back on the SEPA Zone!]</ref>.<br />
<br />
On February 13, 2012 the exchange announced it was shutting down<ref>[http://tradehillblog.com/2012/02/13/tradehill-suspending-trading-and-returning-client-funds TradeHill suspending trading and returning client funds]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Buying bitcoins]]<br />
* [[Selling bitcoins]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.tradehill.com TradeHill]<br />
* [http://twitter.com/tradehill @TradeHill] Twitter<br />
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sEXmVsiVqM Interview with CEO of Tradehill (Youtube)]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<References /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Exchanges]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=BitcoinX&diff=30193BitcoinX2012-08-28T12:12:40Z<p>Parliament: Parliament moved page BitcoinX to BitcoinX (disambiguation): titled properly</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[BitcoinX (disambiguation)]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=BitcoinX_(disambiguation)&diff=30192BitcoinX (disambiguation)2012-08-28T12:12:39Z<p>Parliament: Parliament moved page BitcoinX to BitcoinX (disambiguation): titled properly</p>
<hr />
<div>BitcoinX may refer to:<br />
<br />
* [[BitcoinX (application)|The BitcoinX Android Application]]<br />
* [[BitcoinX (service)|The BitcoinX.com service]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Disambiguation Pages]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=BitcoinX_(disambiguation)&diff=30191BitcoinX (disambiguation)2012-08-28T12:11:31Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>BitcoinX may refer to:<br />
<br />
* [[BitcoinX (application)|The BitcoinX Android Application]]<br />
* [[BitcoinX (service)|The BitcoinX.com service]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Disambiguation Pages]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=BitcoinMarket24&diff=30190BitcoinMarket242012-08-28T12:07:04Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>A former Bitcoin exchange that offered SEPA bank trasfers for funding exchange accounts.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
This service was announced on December 30, 2011<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=56091.0 Bitcoinmarket24.com - instant bitcoin purchase - safe and convenient]</ref>.<br />
<br />
The service shut down on June 20, 2012 due to insufficient resources.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Buying bitcoins]]<br />
* [[Selling bitcoins]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
* [https://bitcoinmarket24.com BitcoinMarket24] website<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Exchanges]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=BitcoinExchange_Services&diff=30189BitcoinExchange Services2012-08-28T12:06:25Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>A former fixed-rate exchange providing cashout services. <br />
<br />
<span style="color:red;">Note - multiple forum posts are reporting that delivery of bitcoins or sale proceeds from this exchange are not being received.</span><ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36789.0 New member here. Worried i got scammed.]</ref>, <ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6223.msg433997#msg433997 www.BitcoinExchange.cc - Western Union, MoneyGram, MoneyPak, ACH/Wire, Dwolla]</ref>.<br />
<br />
The operator stated that offices are in Florida<ref>[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=6125.msg91752#msg91752 Ethical Hacking & Security Consultation Services]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The exchange has been in operation since April 2011<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6223.0 BitcoinExchange Services]</ref>. The operator had continued to solicit new orders though customer complaints continued to be the result<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6223.msg831280#msg831280 www.BitcoinExchange.cc - Western Union, MoneyGram, MoneyPak, ACH/Wire, Dwolla]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Exchanges]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin7&diff=30188Bitcoin72012-08-28T12:06:00Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>Formerly a bitcoin [[currency exchange]] site.<br />
<br />
This exchange escrowed funds before trading and then matches buyers with sellers. The exchange's web site shows copyright Bitcoin7. The Terms of Service describses how the terms of Use shall be governed by the laws applicable in the Republic Bulgaria. Bitcoin7 and Bitcoin7.com represents.<br />
Further:<br />
* "the European operations performed by "AbuDhabi 2010" EOOD, a company registered in the European Union, Bulgaria, Sofia"<br />
<br />
* "the US operations performed by "Risk Asset Management" LLC, a company registered in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA"<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The exchange was announced on June 15, 2011<ref>[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=17043.msg219839#msg219839 Bitcoin7.com - Brand new exchange market!]</ref>. On October 5, 2011 a message on the site claimed that they became the victim of a pre-planned hacker attack, that customer funds were lost and that the service was ending. <br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Buying bitcoins]]<br />
* [[Selling bitcoins]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.bitcoin7.com Bitcoin7.com] Official Site<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Buying bitcoins]]<br />
* [[Selling bitcoins]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Exchanges]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin2Cash&diff=30187Bitcoin2Cash2012-08-28T12:05:33Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>Formerly a market exchange where bitcoins were bought and sold. Funds were deposited by mailing in cash. When funds were withdrawn cash was mailed to the customer.<br />
<br />
Bitcoin2cash, LLC is an entity registered in the State of Alabama<ref>[http://arc-sos.state.al.us/cgi/corpdetail.mbr/detail?corp=300237 Bitcoin2cash, LLC Business Entity Details]</ref>.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The site was originally announced on July 13th, 2010<ref>[http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=30.msg2452#msg2452 http://bitcoin2cash.com]</ref>. The site was subsequently redesigned and the new availability was announced on April 2nd, 2011<ref>[http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5307.0 Bitcoin2Cash.com - Cash-Only Marketplace]</ref>. Sometime before April 18th, 2012 the operator suspended service. <br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Selling bitcoins]]<br />
* [[Buying bitcoins]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Exchanges]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Bit-Bank&diff=30186Bit-Bank2012-08-28T12:03:28Z<p>Parliament: </p>
<hr />
<div>Formerly an [[eWallet]] service. <br />
<br />
The service allows users to deposit bitcoins directly into their online account, as well as generate addresses to give out to others. <br />
<br />
The site also gives every user a unique URL (accessible at http://bit-bank.org/user/name where ''name'' is the username), which allows the user to give this URL out to others online, granting them the ability to deposit bitcoins into their account.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
At some point before April 18th, 2012 this service was taken offline.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
[[Category:EWallets]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=ArtForz&diff=30184ArtForz2012-08-28T12:00:55Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>ArtForz is a regular on #bitcoin-dev. He was the first person to mine with GPUs, using private mining code that he wrote himself. He once held a high percentage of network computation power (~25%) but reports<ref>https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37904.msg478671#msg478671</ref> that he now controls less than 1%. He claims that his mining software is still more efficient than all other GPU miners. He uses a heavily-modified version of Bitcoin; notably, he requires less transaction fees and he doesn't perform IsStandard checks.<br />
<br />
ArtForz has a very good understanding of Bitcoin. He reported [[incidents#LSHIFT_and_RETURN_bugs|serious bugs]] in Bitcoin's handling of certain [[script]] opcodes.<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Individuals]]</div>Parliamenthttps://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Accesscoin&diff=30182Accesscoin2012-08-28T11:55:10Z<p>Parliament: add category</p>
<hr />
<div>Used to allow the purchase of Bitcoin through Google Checkout and requires a Facebook account for second factor authentication.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Announced September 7th 2011. The service was defunct by March 21, 2012.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Exchanges]]</div>Parliament