https://en.bitcoin.it/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Nullius 2026-05-21T02:13:46Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.8 https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Zerocoin&diff=69400 2022-07-31T04:57:17Z

<p>Nullius: Fix obvious misspellings: “demoninations”, “eliminatating”.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Zerocoin''' is a proposed extension to the Bitcoin protocol that would add true cryptographic anonymity to bitcoin transactions. Given that bitcoin transactions are stored in a public ledger (in the block chain]), the history of any transaction can be traced. Zerocoin provides for anonymity by the introduction of a separate ''zerocoin'' cryptocurrency that is stored in the Bitcoin block chain. Zerocoins are purchased with the base currency in fixed denominations by a zerocoin mint transaction. Later, these zerocoins can be redeemed for the base currency to a different address by a zerocoin spend transaction. Through the use of cryptographic accumulators and digital commitments with zero-knowledge proofs, it is not possible to link the address that was used to mint the original zerocoin to the address used to redeem the zerocoin. Though originally proposed for use with the Bitcoin network, Zerocoin could be integrated into any [[cryptocurrency]].<br /> <br /> ==Rationale for Zerocoin==<br /> Bitcoin transactions are all stored, by design, in a public ledger (the block chain) that is accessible to everyone. These transactions provide privacy through pseudonymity, in that while each transaction is associated with the public address of the sender and receiver, the names of the owners of these addresses are at no time made known to the network. To increase privacy, each person could create as many public addresses as they like, making it difficult to link transactions to the same person. If additional privacy were required, it is possible to mix coins through a trusted third party, where the input coins are mixed in a large pool and output to a new address.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot;&gt;{{ cite news | title=How anonymous is Bitcoin? | last=Bradbury | first=Danny | date=7 June 2013 | work=CoinDesk | publisher=CoinDesk Ltd. | url=https://www.coindesk.com/how-anonymous-is-bitcoin/ | accessdate=8 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Regardless of the best precautions, by data mining of the block chain, it becomes possible in certain cases to link a set of public addresses to a specific (unnamed) individual. For example, this could be done by the analysis of spending habits, or by having the change of a transaction from one public address being sent to another. Furthermore, by utilizing information external to the block chain, such as public addresses posted on a web site, or the postal address used with an internet purchase, the possibility exists that every single transaction of a given person could be determined.<br /> <br /> == Zerocoin protocol==<br /> <br /> The Zerocoin&lt;ref name=&quot;Miers&quot;&gt;I. Miers, C. Garman, M. Green, and A. D. Rubin (2013). [https://spar.isi.jhu.edu/~mgreen/ZerocoinOakland.pdf | Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin], 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society<br /> Conference Publishing Services, 397–411, doi:10.1109/SP.2013.34&lt;/ref&gt; extension to bitcoin would have functioned as a shielded value pool, temporarily pooling bitcoins together in exchange for a temporary currency called Zerocoins. Zerocoin would have implemented this at the protocol level, eliminating any reliance on trusted third parties. It anonymizes the exchanges to and from the pool using cryptographic principles, and as a proposed extension to the Bitcoin protocol, it would have recorded the transactions within the existing block chain.<br /> <br /> The anonymity afforded by Zerocoin is the result of cryptographic operations involved with separate zerocoin mint and spend transactions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miers&quot;/&gt; To mint a zerocoin, a person generates a random serial number ''S'', and encrypts this into a coin ''C'' by use of second random number ''r''. The coin ''C'' is added to a cryptographic accumulator by miners, and at the same time, the amount of the base currency equal in value to the denomination of the zerocoin is added to a zerocoin escrow pool.<br /> <br /> To redeem the zerocoin for the base currency, the owner of the coin needs to prove two things by way of a zero-knowledge proof. (A zero-knowledge proof is a method by which one party can prove to another that a given statement is true, without conveying any additional information apart from the fact that the statement is indeed true.) The first is that they know a coin ''C'' that belongs to the set of all other minted zerocoins (''C1'', ''C2'',... ''Cn''), without revealing which coin it is. The second is that the person knows a number ''r'', that along with the serial number ''S'' corresponds to a zerocoin. The proof and serial number ''S'' are posted as a zerocoin spend transaction, where miners verify the proof and that the serial number ''S'' has not been spent previously. After verification, the transaction is posted to the blockchain, and the amount of the base currency equal to the zerocoin denomination is transferred from the zerocoin escrow pool. Anonymity in the transaction is assured because the minted coin ''C'' is not linked to the serial number ''S'' used to redeem the coin.<br /> <br /> One criticism of Zerocoin is the added computation time required by the process, which would need to have been performed primarily by miners. If the proofs were posted to the block chain, this would also dramatically increase the size of the block chain.&lt;ref name=peck2013&gt;{{cite news | url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/whos-who-in-bitcoin-zerocoin-hero-matthew-green | title=Who’s who in Bitcoin: Zerocoin hero Matthew Green | work=IEEE Spectrum | last=Peck | first=Morgan E. | date=24 October 2013 | accessdate=31 January 2014 | publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Extensions of Zerocoin==<br /> <br /> Recognizing that Bitcoin was unlikely to be implement Zerocoin, the authors of Zerocoin expressed hope that other cryptocurrencies would incorporate Zerocoin anonymity features.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [https://zerocoin.org Official Zerocoin website]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152786.0 Zerocoin forum at bitcointalk.org]<br /> * [https://research.microsoft.com/apps/video/default.aspx?id=192058 Zerocoin presentation (Microsoft research)]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Anonymity]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Zerocoin&diff=69399 2022-07-31T04:55:38Z

<p>Nullius: Axe ridiculously wrong, foolish, and repulsive description of Zerocoin as “laundering” coins—including an express description of Zerocoin as a “money laundering pool”. WTF? This whole thing needs to be rewritten.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Zerocoin''' is a proposed extension to the Bitcoin protocol that would add true cryptographic anonymity to bitcoin transactions. Given that bitcoin transactions are stored in a public ledger (in the block chain]), the history of any transaction can be traced. Zerocoin provides for anonymity by the introduction of a separate ''zerocoin'' cryptocurrency that is stored in the Bitcoin block chain. Zerocoins are purchased with the base currency in fixed demoninations by a zerocoin mint transaction. Later, these zerocoins can be redeemed for the base currency to a different address by a zerocoin spend transaction. Through the use of cryptographic accumulators and digital commitments with zero-knowledge proofs, it is not possible to link the address that was used to mint the original zerocoin to the address used to redeem the zerocoin. Though originally proposed for use with the Bitcoin network, Zerocoin could be integrated into any [[cryptocurrency]].<br /> <br /> ==Rationale for Zerocoin==<br /> Bitcoin transactions are all stored, by design, in a public ledger (the block chain) that is accessible to everyone. These transactions provide privacy through pseudonymity, in that while each transaction is associated with the public address of the sender and receiver, the names of the owners of these addresses are at no time made known to the network. To increase privacy, each person could create as many public addresses as they like, making it difficult to link transactions to the same person. If additional privacy were required, it is possible to mix coins through a trusted third party, where the input coins are mixed in a large pool and output to a new address.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot;&gt;{{ cite news | title=How anonymous is Bitcoin? | last=Bradbury | first=Danny | date=7 June 2013 | work=CoinDesk | publisher=CoinDesk Ltd. | url=https://www.coindesk.com/how-anonymous-is-bitcoin/ | accessdate=8 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Regardless of the best precautions, by data mining of the block chain, it becomes possible in certain cases to link a set of public addresses to a specific (unnamed) individual. For example, this could be done by the analysis of spending habits, or by having the change of a transaction from one public address being sent to another. Furthermore, by utilizing information external to the block chain, such as public addresses posted on a web site, or the postal address used with an internet purchase, the possibility exists that every single transaction of a given person could be determined.<br /> <br /> == Zerocoin protocol==<br /> <br /> The Zerocoin&lt;ref name=&quot;Miers&quot;&gt;I. Miers, C. Garman, M. Green, and A. D. Rubin (2013). [https://spar.isi.jhu.edu/~mgreen/ZerocoinOakland.pdf | Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin], 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society<br /> Conference Publishing Services, 397–411, doi:10.1109/SP.2013.34&lt;/ref&gt; extension to bitcoin would have functioned as a shielded value pool, temporarily pooling bitcoins together in exchange for a temporary currency called Zerocoins. Zerocoin would have implemented this at the protocol level, eliminatating any reliance on trusted third parties. It anonymizes the exchanges to and from the pool using cryptographic principles, and as a proposed extension to the Bitcoin protocol, it would have recorded the transactions within the existing block chain.<br /> <br /> The anonymity afforded by Zerocoin is the result of cryptographic operations involved with separate zerocoin mint and spend transactions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miers&quot;/&gt; To mint a zerocoin, a person generates a random serial number ''S'', and encrypts this into a coin ''C'' by use of second random number ''r''. The coin ''C'' is added to a cryptographic accumulator by miners, and at the same time, the amount of the base currency equal in value to the denomination of the zerocoin is added to a zerocoin escrow pool.<br /> <br /> To redeem the zerocoin for the base currency, the owner of the coin needs to prove two things by way of a zero-knowledge proof. (A zero-knowledge proof is a method by which one party can prove to another that a given statement is true, without conveying any additional information apart from the fact that the statement is indeed true.) The first is that they know a coin ''C'' that belongs to the set of all other minted zerocoins (''C1'', ''C2'',... ''Cn''), without revealing which coin it is. The second is that the person knows a number ''r'', that along with the serial number ''S'' corresponds to a zerocoin. The proof and serial number ''S'' are posted as a zerocoin spend transaction, where miners verify the proof and that the serial number ''S'' has not been spent previously. After verification, the transaction is posted to the blockchain, and the amount of the base currency equal to the zerocoin denomination is transferred from the zerocoin escrow pool. Anonymity in the transaction is assured because the minted coin ''C'' is not linked to the serial number ''S'' used to redeem the coin.<br /> <br /> One criticism of Zerocoin is the added computation time required by the process, which would need to have been performed primarily by miners. If the proofs were posted to the block chain, this would also dramatically increase the size of the block chain.&lt;ref name=peck2013&gt;{{cite news | url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/whos-who-in-bitcoin-zerocoin-hero-matthew-green | title=Who’s who in Bitcoin: Zerocoin hero Matthew Green | work=IEEE Spectrum | last=Peck | first=Morgan E. | date=24 October 2013 | accessdate=31 January 2014 | publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Extensions of Zerocoin==<br /> <br /> Recognizing that Bitcoin was unlikely to be implement Zerocoin, the authors of Zerocoin expressed hope that other cryptocurrencies would incorporate Zerocoin anonymity features.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [https://zerocoin.org Official Zerocoin website]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152786.0 Zerocoin forum at bitcointalk.org]<br /> * [https://research.microsoft.com/apps/video/default.aspx?id=192058 Zerocoin presentation (Microsoft research)]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Anonymity]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Talk:Zerocoin&diff=69398 2022-07-31T04:43:43Z

<p>Nullius: Add notice on WIP refactoring of this page.</p> <hr /> <div>=The Great 2022 Zerocoin Wiki Page Refactoring=<br /> <br /> This page was untouched for almost eight years (18 August 2014 to 31 July 2022). It is ridiculously outdated. I am currently gathering sources, and planning to refactor it step by step. Work in progress. — [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User_talk:Nullius|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Nullius|contribs]]) 04:43, 31 July 2022 (UTC)</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Zerocoin&diff=69397 2022-07-31T04:34:16Z

<p>Nullius: Upgraded HTTP links to HTTPS. All links are tested; many are now working redirects, which I may or may not update in a future revision.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Zerocoin''' is a proposed extension to the Bitcoin protocol that would add true cryptographic anonymity to bitcoin transactions. Given that bitcoin transactions are stored in a public ledger (in the block chain]), the history of any transaction can be traced. Zerocoin provides for anonymity by the introduction of a separate ''zerocoin'' cryptocurrency that is stored in the Bitcoin block chain. Zerocoins are purchased with the base currency in fixed demoninations by a zerocoin mint transaction. Later, these zerocoins can be redeemed for the base currency to a different address by a zerocoin spend transaction. Through the use of cryptographic accumulators and digital commitments with zero-knowledge proofs, it is not possible to link the address that was used to mint the original zerocoin to the address used to redeem the zerocoin. Though originally proposed for use with the Bitcoin network, Zerocoin could be integrated into any [[cryptocurrency]].<br /> <br /> ==Rationale for Zerocoin==<br /> Bitcoin transactions are all stored, by design, in a public ledger (the block chain) that is accessible to everyone. These transactions provide privacy through pseudonymity, in that while each transaction is associated with the public address of the sender and receiver, the names of the owners of these addresses are at no time made known to the network. To increase privacy, each person could create as many public addresses as they like, making it difficult to link transactions to the same person. If additional privacy were required, it is possible to launder coins through a trusted third party, where the input coins are mixed in a large pool and output to a new address.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot;&gt;{{ cite news | title=How anonymous is Bitcoin? | last=Bradbury | first=Danny | date=7 June 2013 | work=CoinDesk | publisher=CoinDesk Ltd. | url=https://www.coindesk.com/how-anonymous-is-bitcoin/ | accessdate=8 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Regardless of the best precautions, by data mining of the block chain, it becomes possible in certain cases to link a set of public addresses to a specific (unnamed) individual. For example, this could be done by the analysis of spending habits, or by having the change of a transaction from one public address being sent to another. Furthermore, by utilizing information external to the block chain, such as public addresses posted on a web site, or the postal address used with an internet purchase, the possibility exists that every single transaction of a given person could be determined.<br /> <br /> == Zerocoin protocol==<br /> <br /> The Zerocoin&lt;ref name=&quot;Miers&quot;&gt;I. Miers, C. Garman, M. Green, and A. D. Rubin (2013). [https://spar.isi.jhu.edu/~mgreen/ZerocoinOakland.pdf | Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin], 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society<br /> Conference Publishing Services, 397–411, doi:10.1109/SP.2013.34&lt;/ref&gt; extension to bitcoin would have functioned like a money laundering pool, temporarily pooling bitcoins together in exchange for a temporary currency called Zerocoins. While the laundering pool is an established concept already utilized by several currency laundering services, Zerocoin would have implemented this at the protocol level, eliminatating any reliance on trusted third parties. It anonymizes the exchanges to and from the pool using cryptographic principles, and as a proposed extension to the Bitcoin protocol, it would have recorded the transactions within the existing block chain.<br /> <br /> The anonymity afforded by Zerocoin is the result of cryptographic operations involved with separate zerocoin mint and spend transactions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miers&quot;/&gt; To mint a zerocoin, a person generates a random serial number ''S'', and encrypts this into a coin ''C'' by use of second random number ''r''. The coin ''C'' is added to a cryptographic accumulator by miners, and at the same time, the amount of the base currency equal in value to the denomination of the zerocoin is added to a zerocoin escrow pool.<br /> <br /> To redeem the zerocoin for the base currency, the owner of the coin needs to prove two things by way of a zero-knowledge proof. (A zero-knowledge proof is a method by which one party can prove to another that a given statement is true, without conveying any additional information apart from the fact that the statement is indeed true.) The first is that they know a coin ''C'' that belongs to the set of all other minted zerocoins (''C1'', ''C2'',... ''Cn''), without revealing which coin it is. The second is that the person knows a number ''r'', that along with the serial number ''S'' corresponds to a zerocoin. The proof and serial number ''S'' are posted as a zerocoin spend transaction, where miners verify the proof and that the serial number ''S'' has not been spent previously. After verification, the transaction is posted to the blockchain, and the amount of the base currency equal to the zerocoin denomination is transferred from the zerocoin escrow pool. Anonymity in the transaction is assured because the minted coin ''C'' is not linked to the serial number ''S'' used to redeem the coin.<br /> <br /> One criticism of Zerocoin is the added computation time required by the process, which would need to have been performed primarily by miners. If the proofs were posted to the block chain, this would also dramatically increase the size of the block chain.&lt;ref name=peck2013&gt;{{cite news | url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/whos-who-in-bitcoin-zerocoin-hero-matthew-green | title=Who’s who in Bitcoin: Zerocoin hero Matthew Green | work=IEEE Spectrum | last=Peck | first=Morgan E. | date=24 October 2013 | accessdate=31 January 2014 | publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Extensions of Zerocoin==<br /> <br /> Recognizing that Bitcoin was unlikely to be implement Zerocoin, the authors of Zerocoin expressed hope that other cryptocurrencies would incorporate Zerocoin anonymity features.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [https://zerocoin.org Official Zerocoin website]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152786.0 Zerocoin forum at bitcointalk.org]<br /> * [https://research.microsoft.com/apps/video/default.aspx?id=192058 Zerocoin presentation (Microsoft research)]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Anonymity]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Zerocoin&diff=69396 2022-07-31T04:29:37Z

<p>Nullius: Fix obviously broken link. Broken by revision 45748, 2014-04-21. Nobody noticed?</p> <hr /> <div>'''Zerocoin''' is a proposed extension to the Bitcoin protocol that would add true cryptographic anonymity to bitcoin transactions. Given that bitcoin transactions are stored in a public ledger (in the block chain]), the history of any transaction can be traced. Zerocoin provides for anonymity by the introduction of a separate ''zerocoin'' cryptocurrency that is stored in the Bitcoin block chain. Zerocoins are purchased with the base currency in fixed demoninations by a zerocoin mint transaction. Later, these zerocoins can be redeemed for the base currency to a different address by a zerocoin spend transaction. Through the use of cryptographic accumulators and digital commitments with zero-knowledge proofs, it is not possible to link the address that was used to mint the original zerocoin to the address used to redeem the zerocoin. Though originally proposed for use with the Bitcoin network, Zerocoin could be integrated into any [[cryptocurrency]].<br /> <br /> ==Rationale for Zerocoin==<br /> Bitcoin transactions are all stored, by design, in a public ledger (the block chain) that is accessible to everyone. These transactions provide privacy through pseudonymity, in that while each transaction is associated with the public address of the sender and receiver, the names of the owners of these addresses are at no time made known to the network. To increase privacy, each person could create as many public addresses as they like, making it difficult to link transactions to the same person. If additional privacy were required, it is possible to launder coins through a trusted third party, where the input coins are mixed in a large pool and output to a new address.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot;&gt;{{ cite news | title=How anonymous is Bitcoin? | last=Bradbury | first=Danny | date=7 June 2013 | work=CoinDesk | publisher=CoinDesk Ltd. | url=http://www.coindesk.com/how-anonymous-is-bitcoin/ | accessdate=8 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Regardless of the best precautions, by data mining of the block chain, it becomes possible in certain cases to link a set of public addresses to a specific (unnamed) individual. For example, this could be done by the analysis of spending habits, or by having the change of a transaction from one public address being sent to another. Furthermore, by utilizing information external to the block chain, such as public addresses posted on a web site, or the postal address used with an internet purchase, the possibility exists that every single transaction of a given person could be determined.<br /> <br /> == Zerocoin protocol==<br /> <br /> The Zerocoin&lt;ref name=&quot;Miers&quot;&gt;I. Miers, C. Garman, M. Green, and A. D. Rubin (2013). [http://spar.isi.jhu.edu/~mgreen/ZerocoinOakland.pdf | Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin], 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society<br /> Conference Publishing Services, 397–411, doi:10.1109/SP.2013.34&lt;/ref&gt; extension to bitcoin would have functioned like a money laundering pool, temporarily pooling bitcoins together in exchange for a temporary currency called Zerocoins. While the laundering pool is an established concept already utilized by several currency laundering services, Zerocoin would have implemented this at the protocol level, eliminatating any reliance on trusted third parties. It anonymizes the exchanges to and from the pool using cryptographic principles, and as a proposed extension to the Bitcoin protocol, it would have recorded the transactions within the existing block chain.<br /> <br /> The anonymity afforded by Zerocoin is the result of cryptographic operations involved with separate zerocoin mint and spend transactions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miers&quot;/&gt; To mint a zerocoin, a person generates a random serial number ''S'', and encrypts this into a coin ''C'' by use of second random number ''r''. The coin ''C'' is added to a cryptographic accumulator by miners, and at the same time, the amount of the base currency equal in value to the denomination of the zerocoin is added to a zerocoin escrow pool.<br /> <br /> To redeem the zerocoin for the base currency, the owner of the coin needs to prove two things by way of a zero-knowledge proof. (A zero-knowledge proof is a method by which one party can prove to another that a given statement is true, without conveying any additional information apart from the fact that the statement is indeed true.) The first is that they know a coin ''C'' that belongs to the set of all other minted zerocoins (''C1'', ''C2'',... ''Cn''), without revealing which coin it is. The second is that the person knows a number ''r'', that along with the serial number ''S'' corresponds to a zerocoin. The proof and serial number ''S'' are posted as a zerocoin spend transaction, where miners verify the proof and that the serial number ''S'' has not been spent previously. After verification, the transaction is posted to the blockchain, and the amount of the base currency equal to the zerocoin denomination is transferred from the zerocoin escrow pool. Anonymity in the transaction is assured because the minted coin ''C'' is not linked to the serial number ''S'' used to redeem the coin.<br /> <br /> One criticism of Zerocoin is the added computation time required by the process, which would need to have been performed primarily by miners. If the proofs were posted to the block chain, this would also dramatically increase the size of the block chain.&lt;ref name=peck2013&gt;{{cite news | url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/whos-who-in-bitcoin-zerocoin-hero-matthew-green | title=Who’s who in Bitcoin: Zerocoin hero Matthew Green | work=IEEE Spectrum | last=Peck | first=Morgan E. | date=24 October 2013 | accessdate=31 January 2014 | publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Extensions of Zerocoin==<br /> <br /> Recognizing that Bitcoin was unlikely to be implement Zerocoin, the authors of Zerocoin expressed hope that other cryptocurrencies would incorporate Zerocoin anonymity features.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [http://zerocoin.org Official Zerocoin website]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152786.0 Zerocoin forum at bitcointalk.org]<br /> * [http://research.microsoft.com/apps/video/default.aspx?id=192058 Zerocoin presentation (Microsoft research)]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Anonymity]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Zerocoin&diff=69395 2022-07-31T04:23:13Z

<p>Nullius: Delete link to Anoncoin. Coin site disappeared; anoncoin.net is now a casino spam site.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Zerocoin''' is a proposed extension to the Bitcoin protocol that would add true cryptographic anonymity to bitcoin transactions. Given that bitcoin transactions are stored in a public ledger (in the block chain]), the history of any transaction can be traced. Zerocoin provides for anonymity by the introduction of a separate ''zerocoin'' cryptocurrency that is stored in the Bitcoin block chain. Zerocoins are purchased with the base currency in fixed demoninations by a zerocoin mint transaction. Later, these zerocoins can be redeemed for the base currency to a different address by a zerocoin spend transaction. Through the use of cryptographic accumulators and digital commitments with zero-knowledge proofs, it is not possible to link the address that was used to mint the original zerocoin to the address used to redeem the zerocoin. Though originally proposed for use with the Bitcoin network, Zerocoin could be integrated into any [[cryptocurrency]].<br /> <br /> ==Rationale for Zerocoin==<br /> Bitcoin transactions are all stored, by design, in a public ledger (the block chain) that is accessible to everyone. These transactions provide privacy through pseudonymity, in that while each transaction is associated with the public address of the sender and receiver, the names of the owners of these addresses are at no time made known to the network. To increase privacy, each person could create as many public addresses as they like, making it difficult to link transactions to the same person. If additional privacy were required, it is possible to launder coins through a trusted third party, where the input coins are mixed in a large pool and output to a new address.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot;&gt;{{ cite news | title=How anonymous is Bitcoin? | last=Bradbury | first=Danny | date=7 June 2013 | work=CoinDesk | publisher=CoinDesk Ltd. | url=http://www.coindesk.com/how-anonymous-is-bitcoin/ | accessdate=8 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Regardless of the best precautions, by data mining of the block chain, it becomes possible in certain cases to link a set of public addresses to a specific (unnamed) individual. For example, this could be done by the analysis of spending habits, or by having the change of a transaction from one public address being sent to another. Furthermore, by utilizing information external to the block chain, such as public addresses posted on a web site, or the postal address used with an internet purchase, the possibility exists that every single transaction of a given person could be determined.<br /> <br /> == Zerocoin protocol==<br /> <br /> The Zerocoin&lt;ref name=&quot;Miers&quot;&gt;I. Miers, C. Garman, M. Green, and A. D. Rubin (2013). [http://spar.isi.jhu.edu/~mgreen/ZerocoinOakland.pdf| Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin], 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society<br /> Conference Publishing Services, 397–411, doi:10.1109/SP.2013.34&lt;/ref&gt; extension to bitcoin would have functioned like a money laundering pool, temporarily pooling bitcoins together in exchange for a temporary currency called Zerocoins. While the laundering pool is an established concept already utilized by several currency laundering services, Zerocoin would have implemented this at the protocol level, eliminatating any reliance on trusted third parties. It anonymizes the exchanges to and from the pool using cryptographic principles, and as a proposed extension to the Bitcoin protocol, it would have recorded the transactions within the existing block chain.<br /> <br /> The anonymity afforded by Zerocoin is the result of cryptographic operations involved with separate zerocoin mint and spend transactions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miers&quot;/&gt; To mint a zerocoin, a person generates a random serial number ''S'', and encrypts this into a coin ''C'' by use of second random number ''r''. The coin ''C'' is added to a cryptographic accumulator by miners, and at the same time, the amount of the base currency equal in value to the denomination of the zerocoin is added to a zerocoin escrow pool.<br /> <br /> To redeem the zerocoin for the base currency, the owner of the coin needs to prove two things by way of a zero-knowledge proof. (A zero-knowledge proof is a method by which one party can prove to another that a given statement is true, without conveying any additional information apart from the fact that the statement is indeed true.) The first is that they know a coin ''C'' that belongs to the set of all other minted zerocoins (''C1'', ''C2'',... ''Cn''), without revealing which coin it is. The second is that the person knows a number ''r'', that along with the serial number ''S'' corresponds to a zerocoin. The proof and serial number ''S'' are posted as a zerocoin spend transaction, where miners verify the proof and that the serial number ''S'' has not been spent previously. After verification, the transaction is posted to the blockchain, and the amount of the base currency equal to the zerocoin denomination is transferred from the zerocoin escrow pool. Anonymity in the transaction is assured because the minted coin ''C'' is not linked to the serial number ''S'' used to redeem the coin.<br /> <br /> One criticism of Zerocoin is the added computation time required by the process, which would need to have been performed primarily by miners. If the proofs were posted to the block chain, this would also dramatically increase the size of the block chain.&lt;ref name=peck2013&gt;{{cite news | url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/whos-who-in-bitcoin-zerocoin-hero-matthew-green | title=Who’s who in Bitcoin: Zerocoin hero Matthew Green | work=IEEE Spectrum | last=Peck | first=Morgan E. | date=24 October 2013 | accessdate=31 January 2014 | publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Extensions of Zerocoin==<br /> <br /> Recognizing that Bitcoin was unlikely to be implement Zerocoin, the authors of Zerocoin expressed hope that other cryptocurrencies would incorporate Zerocoin anonymity features.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradbury&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [http://zerocoin.org Official Zerocoin website]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=152786.0 Zerocoin forum at bitcointalk.org]<br /> * [http://research.microsoft.com/apps/video/default.aspx?id=192058 Zerocoin presentation (Microsoft research)]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Anonymity]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=69394 2022-07-31T04:18:38Z

<p>Nullius: Add Github link to nullianity.</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * PGP: [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5233083.msg54320576#post_nullius_pgp_key 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]&lt;br /&gt;Quotable Nullianism: '''“If you don’t do PGP, you don’t do crypto!”''' Please encrypt all correspondence.<br /> * Tips: [bitcoin:bc1qas0cuqzdr8r9rv2n6v0vd50vddcaz0ayl6kfe5 bc1qas0cuqzdr8r9rv2n6v0vd50vddcaz0ayl6kfe5]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum uid 976210]<br /> * Zcash since Sprout. Desiring zero-knowledge privacy since 2013.<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone], [http://github.com/nullianity nullianity].<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2665019.0 The Nullian Bitcult ϐ bitcult.faith ϐ]<br /> <br /> '''There is only one Bitcoin.'''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=69393 2022-07-31T04:17:28Z

<p>Nullius: Add note about zero knowledge.</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * PGP: [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5233083.msg54320576#post_nullius_pgp_key 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]&lt;br /&gt;Quotable Nullianism: '''“If you don’t do PGP, you don’t do crypto!”''' Please encrypt all correspondence.<br /> * Tips: [bitcoin:bc1qas0cuqzdr8r9rv2n6v0vd50vddcaz0ayl6kfe5 bc1qas0cuqzdr8r9rv2n6v0vd50vddcaz0ayl6kfe5]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum uid 976210]<br /> * Zcash since Sprout. Desiring zero-knowledge privacy since 2013.<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2665019.0 The Nullian Bitcult ϐ bitcult.faith ϐ]<br /> <br /> '''There is only one Bitcoin.'''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=69392 2022-07-31T04:14:45Z

<p>Nullius: Get my priorities straight: PGP first!</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * PGP: [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5233083.msg54320576#post_nullius_pgp_key 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]&lt;br /&gt;Quotable Nullianism: '''“If you don’t do PGP, you don’t do crypto!”''' Please encrypt all correspondence.<br /> * Tips: [bitcoin:bc1qas0cuqzdr8r9rv2n6v0vd50vddcaz0ayl6kfe5 bc1qas0cuqzdr8r9rv2n6v0vd50vddcaz0ayl6kfe5]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum uid 976210]<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2665019.0 The Nullian Bitcult ϐ bitcult.faith ϐ]<br /> <br /> '''There is only one Bitcoin.'''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=69391 2022-07-31T04:07:53Z

<p>Nullius: Change tip address information.</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum uid 976210]<br /> * Tips: [bitcoin:bc1qas0cuqzdr8r9rv2n6v0vd50vddcaz0ayl6kfe5 bc1qas0cuqzdr8r9rv2n6v0vd50vddcaz0ayl6kfe5]<br /> * PGP key; please encrypt all correspondence: [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5233083.msg54320576#post_nullius_pgp_key 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2665019.0 The Nullian Bitcult ϐ bitcult.faith ϐ]<br /> <br /> '''There is only one Bitcoin.'''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=69390 2022-07-31T04:05:36Z

<p>Nullius: Update link to ECC PGP key (same key as since 2017).</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum uid 976210]<br /> * Bitcoin addresses; tips welcome:<br /> ** Segwit P2WPKH nested in P2SH: [bitcoin:3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG 3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie”] Segwit Bech32: [bitcoin:bc1qcash96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h bc1q'''cash'''96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h] (It is only possible to send genuine Bitcoin cash money to this address!)<br /> * PGP key; please encrypt all correspondence: [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5233083.msg54320576#post_nullius_pgp_key 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2665019.0 The Nullian Bitcult ϐ bitcult.faith ϐ]<br /> <br /> '''There is only one Bitcoin.'''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=69389 2022-07-31T04:04:16Z

<p>Nullius: Delete obsolete RSA PGP key.</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum uid 976210]<br /> * Bitcoin addresses; tips welcome:<br /> ** Segwit P2WPKH nested in P2SH: [bitcoin:3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG 3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie”] Segwit Bech32: [bitcoin:bc1qcash96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h bc1q'''cash'''96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h] (It is only possible to send genuine Bitcoin cash money to this address!)<br /> * PGP keys; please encrypt all correspondence:<br /> ** Ed25519 (preferred): [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2665019.0 The Nullian Bitcult ϐ bitcult.faith ϐ]<br /> <br /> '''There is only one Bitcoin.'''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bitcoin_Affiliate_Programs&diff=64700 2017-12-30T21:15:09Z

<p>Nullius: Support deleting this page.</p> <hr /> <div>Purely commercial content removal project: list of affiliates is commercial content which quickly gets outdated, and generates a lot of advertising-only edits. Feel free to include links to regularly-updated compilations of affiliates, but not the list of affiliates themselves. Please do not add the content back without discussion :) {{Unsigned|MeshCollider|19:14, 31 October 2017‎ (UTC)}}<br /> <br /> :I see that this is a candidate for deletion. ''Please'' nuke with extreme prejudice. I am usually an anti-deletionist; but this is a spam magnet, with zero informational value. — [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User_talk:Nullius|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Nullius|contribs]]) 21:15, 30 December 2017 (UTC)</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Talk:List_of_Bitcoin_splits&diff=64699 2017-12-30T20:15:16Z

<p>Nullius: Force TOC to enable seeing discussion topics at a glance from the top of the page.</p> <hr /> <div>__FORCETOC__<br /> <br /> == Titling this page ==<br /> <br /> In reply to the edit log on creation: “Temporary title used - anyone have a better idea?”<br /> <br /> The word “splits” may confuse users who are familiar with the stock markets. It is a neutral, or even positive word; moreover, this makes it sound as if Bitcoin itself has split, with each holder of Bitcoin receiving a multiplier of bitcoins upon their previous balance. In the event of a stock split, the value held does not change; and the split stocks are fully equal and interchangeable with each other. Of course, these concepts are all wholly incorrect in application to these Bitcoin forks. Holders of Bitcoin ''may'' receive fork coins commensurate to their bitcoin balances.<br /> <br /> ”List of Bitcoin clones” might be better. Or “contentious hardforks”. Or “scams”, though that’s too general for a page title. “Fork” seeks to be the word in most common use, thus most likely the title which would be found by those seeking information; though this word is also overloaded, and has its own problems.<br /> <br /> I think it is most important that the title must convey that the split/cloned/forked coins ''are not Bitcoin'', and not interchangeable with bitcoins. (Try sending Bitcoin to a BCH address for proof.)<br /> <br /> [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 19:43, 30 December 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> For the name I suggest &quot;list of bitcoin airdrops&quot;. &quot;Splits&quot; implies that bitcoin itself was somehow harmed.<br /> [[User:Belcher|Belcher]] ([[User talk:Belcher|talk]]) 01:34, 9 December 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> :Bitcoin itself [https://medium.com/@lukeparker/the-trust-attack-a6241a08a9cd ''is'' harmed] by these “splits”. Whereas “airdrop” is a positive, promotional word, which plays to people’s greed for free money. That’s probably the second-worst possible way to present the matter—other than outright fraudulently implying that Bitcoin Plutonium XT With Ponies be somehow The New Bitcoin. — [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 19:54, 30 December 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == History of contentious hardforks ==<br /> <br /> If there is to be such a page, it needs a reasonably complete history of all significant forks and attempted forks since ''circa'' 2015: XT, Unlimited, Classic, etc. Those new to Bitcoin usually have no knowledge of the history here. Whereas even a modicum thereof inevitably produces a sense of ''déjà vu'', for example when reading: [https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/the-bitcoin-for-is-a-coup “Adam Back Says the Bitcoin Fork Is a Coup”], Morgan Peck, IEEE ''Spectrum'', 19 August '''2015'''. Or any other myriad news articles, blog entries, or ml/forum flamewars from so recently as 2–3 years ago.<br /> <br /> I may work on this sometime; but at present, it would be low on my priorities list. — [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User_talk:Nullius|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Nullius|contribs]]) 20:07, 30 December 2017 (UTC)</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Talk:List_of_Bitcoin_splits&diff=64698 2017-12-30T20:07:51Z

<p>Nullius: /* History of contentious hardforks */ new section</p> <hr /> <div>== Titling this page ==<br /> <br /> In reply to the edit log on creation: “Temporary title used - anyone have a better idea?”<br /> <br /> The word “splits” may confuse users who are familiar with the stock markets. It is a neutral, or even positive word; moreover, this makes it sound as if Bitcoin itself has split, with each holder of Bitcoin receiving a multiplier of bitcoins upon their previous balance. In the event of a stock split, the value held does not change; and the split stocks are fully equal and interchangeable with each other. Of course, these concepts are all wholly incorrect in application to these Bitcoin forks. Holders of Bitcoin ''may'' receive fork coins commensurate to their bitcoin balances.<br /> <br /> ”List of Bitcoin clones” might be better. Or “contentious hardforks”. Or “scams”, though that’s too general for a page title. “Fork” seeks to be the word in most common use, thus most likely the title which would be found by those seeking information; though this word is also overloaded, and has its own problems.<br /> <br /> I think it is most important that the title must convey that the split/cloned/forked coins ''are not Bitcoin'', and not interchangeable with bitcoins. (Try sending Bitcoin to a BCH address for proof.)<br /> <br /> [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 19:43, 30 December 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> For the name I suggest &quot;list of bitcoin airdrops&quot;. &quot;Splits&quot; implies that bitcoin itself was somehow harmed.<br /> [[User:Belcher|Belcher]] ([[User talk:Belcher|talk]]) 01:34, 9 December 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> :Bitcoin itself [https://medium.com/@lukeparker/the-trust-attack-a6241a08a9cd ''is'' harmed] by these “splits”. Whereas “airdrop” is a positive, promotional word, which plays to people’s greed for free money. That’s probably the second-worst possible way to present the matter—other than outright fraudulently implying that Bitcoin Plutonium XT With Ponies be somehow The New Bitcoin. — [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 19:54, 30 December 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == History of contentious hardforks ==<br /> <br /> If there is to be such a page, it needs a reasonably complete history of all significant forks and attempted forks since ''circa'' 2015: XT, Unlimited, Classic, etc. Those new to Bitcoin usually have no knowledge of the history here. Whereas even a modicum thereof inevitably produces a sense of ''déjà vu'', for example when reading: [https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/the-bitcoin-for-is-a-coup “Adam Back Says the Bitcoin Fork Is a Coup”], Morgan Peck, IEEE ''Spectrum'', 19 August '''2015'''. Or any other myriad news articles, blog entries, or ml/forum flamewars from so recently as 2–3 years ago.<br /> <br /> I may work on this sometime; but at present, it would be low on my priorities list. — [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User_talk:Nullius|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Nullius|contribs]]) 20:07, 30 December 2017 (UTC)</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Talk:List_of_Bitcoin_splits&diff=64697 2017-12-30T19:54:35Z

<p>Nullius: /* Titling this page */ Reply to Belcher</p> <hr /> <div>== Titling this page ==<br /> <br /> In reply to the edit log on creation: “Temporary title used - anyone have a better idea?”<br /> <br /> The word “splits” may confuse users who are familiar with the stock markets. It is a neutral, or even positive word; moreover, this makes it sound as if Bitcoin itself has split, with each holder of Bitcoin receiving a multiplier of bitcoins upon their previous balance. In the event of a stock split, the value held does not change; and the split stocks are fully equal and interchangeable with each other. Of course, these concepts are all wholly incorrect in application to these Bitcoin forks. Holders of Bitcoin ''may'' receive fork coins commensurate to their bitcoin balances.<br /> <br /> ”List of Bitcoin clones” might be better. Or “contentious hardforks”. Or “scams”, though that’s too general for a page title. “Fork” seeks to be the word in most common use, thus most likely the title which would be found by those seeking information; though this word is also overloaded, and has its own problems.<br /> <br /> I think it is most important that the title must convey that the split/cloned/forked coins ''are not Bitcoin'', and not interchangeable with bitcoins. (Try sending Bitcoin to a BCH address for proof.)<br /> <br /> [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 19:43, 30 December 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> For the name I suggest &quot;list of bitcoin airdrops&quot;. &quot;Splits&quot; implies that bitcoin itself was somehow harmed.<br /> [[User:Belcher|Belcher]] ([[User talk:Belcher|talk]]) 01:34, 9 December 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> :Bitcoin itself [https://medium.com/@lukeparker/the-trust-attack-a6241a08a9cd ''is'' harmed] by these “splits”. Whereas “airdrop” is a positive, promotional word, which plays to people’s greed for free money. That’s probably the second-worst possible way to present the matter—other than outright fraudulently implying that Bitcoin Plutonium XT With Ponies be somehow The New Bitcoin. — [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 19:54, 30 December 2017 (UTC)</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Talk:List_of_Bitcoin_splits&diff=64696 2017-12-30T19:45:20Z

<p>Nullius: Moved Belcher’s earlier comment under the topic, “Titling this page”.</p> <hr /> <div>== Titling this page ==<br /> <br /> In reply to the edit log on creation: “Temporary title used - anyone have a better idea?”<br /> <br /> The word “splits” may confuse users who are familiar with the stock markets. It is a neutral, or even positive word; moreover, this makes it sound as if Bitcoin itself has split, with each holder of Bitcoin receiving a multiplier of bitcoins upon their previous balance. In the event of a stock split, the value held does not change; and the split stocks are fully equal and interchangeable with each other. Of course, these concepts are all wholly incorrect in application to these Bitcoin forks. Holders of Bitcoin ''may'' receive fork coins commensurate to their bitcoin balances.<br /> <br /> ”List of Bitcoin clones” might be better. Or “contentious hardforks”. Or “scams”, though that’s too general for a page title. “Fork” seeks to be the word in most common use, thus most likely the title which would be found by those seeking information; though this word is also overloaded, and has its own problems.<br /> <br /> I think it is most important that the title must convey that the split/cloned/forked coins ''are not Bitcoin'', and not interchangeable with bitcoins. (Try sending Bitcoin to a BCH address for proof.)<br /> <br /> [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 19:43, 30 December 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> For the name I suggest &quot;list of bitcoin airdrops&quot;. &quot;Splits&quot; implies that bitcoin itself was somehow harmed.<br /> [[User:Belcher|Belcher]] ([[User talk:Belcher|talk]]) 01:34, 9 December 2017 (UTC)</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Talk:List_of_Bitcoin_splits&diff=64695 2017-12-30T19:43:34Z

<p>Nullius: /* Titling this page */ new section</p> <hr /> <div>For the name I suggest &quot;list of bitcoin airdrops&quot;. &quot;Splits&quot; implies that bitcoin itself was somehow harmed.<br /> [[User:Belcher|Belcher]] ([[User talk:Belcher|talk]]) 01:34, 9 December 2017 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == Titling this page ==<br /> <br /> In reply to the edit log on creation: “Temporary title used - anyone have a better idea?”<br /> <br /> The word “splits” may confuse users who are familiar with the stock markets. It is a neutral, or even positive word; moreover, this makes it sound as if Bitcoin itself has split, with each holder of Bitcoin receiving a multiplier of bitcoins upon their previous balance. In the event of a stock split, the value held does not change; and the split stocks are fully equal and interchangeable with each other. Of course, these concepts are all wholly incorrect in application to these Bitcoin forks. Holders of Bitcoin ''may'' receive fork coins commensurate to their bitcoin balances.<br /> <br /> ”List of Bitcoin clones” might be better. Or “contentious hardforks”. Or “scams”, though that’s too general for a page title. “Fork” seeks to be the word in most common use, thus most likely the title which would be found by those seeking information; though this word is also overloaded, and has its own problems.<br /> <br /> I think it is most important that the title must convey that the split/cloned/forked coins ''are not Bitcoin'', and not interchangeable with bitcoins. (Try sending Bitcoin to a BCH address for proof.)<br /> <br /> [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 19:43, 30 December 2017 (UTC)</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Talk:Buying_Bitcoins_(the_newbie_version)&diff=64694 2017-12-30T19:20:35Z

<p>Nullius: /* Upgrade links http → https */ new section</p> <hr /> <div>== [[File:BC_Logo_.png|30px|link=https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/2/29/BC_Logo_.png]] National Bitcoin ATM ==<br /> <br /> ''Hey Mods, can you add the following to the 'Cash' section?... We have Bitcoin ATMs across Southern California and Las Vegas and we are expanding. I was thinking it might be a good idea to have a Bitcoin ATM section in here in addition to the 'cash' section. Bitcoin ATMs are n00b proof :P''<br /> <br /> [[File:BC_Logo_.png|20px|link=https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/2/29/BC_Logo_.png]] [http://nationalbitcoinatm.com National Bitcoin ATMs] allow you to buy Bitcoin with cash, instantly.<br /> <br /> National Bitcoin ATM has Bitcoin ATMs located in the Los Angeles, Orange County, and Las Vegas regions. Our machines allow you to physically buy Bitcoin with cash, instantly! We also have machines that allow you to sell your Bitcoin for cash. Be sure to check out our locations on our [http://nationalbitcoinatm.com website] as we are constantly expanding.<br /> <br /> == Paxful ==<br /> <br /> * [[File:Payful.png|20px|link=http://payful.io]] [https://paxful.com Paxful is a Peer to Peer Bitcoin Marketplace] that lets you buy and sell bitcoin from other people directly.<br /> <br /> [https://paxful.com/buy-bitcoin/paypal Buy Bitcoin with Paypal<br /> <br /> [https://paxful.com/buy-bitcoin/western-union Buy Bitcoin with Western Union<br /> <br /> Most of our sellers are in the USA but our list of proven sellers offers bitcoin for sale in all currencies and countries. <br /> You can currently buy bitcoin with PayPal, SEPA, Bank of America Cash Deposit, TD Bank Cash Deposit, PayPal My Cash, Amazon Gift Cards, Starbucks Gifts cards and much more.<br /> We have been featured on Fox Business News, Coindesk, Bitcoin Magazine,Cointelegraph ( as easybitz, we rebranded in Jan 2015)<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cubits == <br /> <br /> Hi. Can you please add Cubits to the list of Bitcoin platforms. Cubits is an European Bitcoin marketplace, and provides support for 17 currencies. It allows for SOFORT, SWIFT, SEPA and OBT transfers.<br /> [https://cubits.com/ Cubits]<br /> <br /> == BittyBot ==<br /> <br /> Hi Taras, please could you update the BittyBot entry with our new domain name, we also compare bitcoin prices in Europe as well as the UK now.<br /> <br /> [http://bittybot.co/ BittyBot] - allows users to compare different bitcoin sellers and prices in the UK and Europe.<br /> <br /> == 247exchange ==<br /> <br /> Could you please add our exchange service 247exchange.com to the list?<br /> We're fixed-rate exchange. Our service is easy-to-use, even for newbies, having 24/7 support and detailed knowledgebase. No need to create additional payment accounts or wallets with our service.<br /> We accept credit &amp; debit cards (prepaid ones are also supported), SEPA, bank wire transfer. In Australia we also accept local bank transfer &amp; cash deposit. Verification is required. The service isn't available in USA yet.<br /> <br /> == Anycoin Direct ==<br /> Hi there!<br /> <br /> Could our company (https://anycoindirect.eu) be added? &lt;br /&gt;<br /> <br /> We buy and sell bitcoins instantly in Europe, offering many European payment methods: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> *iDEAL (NL) <br /> *Giropay (DE)<br /> *Sofort Banking (DE)<br /> *Bancontact / Mister Cash (BE)<br /> *MyBank (LU &amp; IT)<br /> *SEPA (EU)<br /> *Online Bank Transfer (EU)<br /> <br /> We focus on new bitcoiners, offering support through:<br /> *Live chat <br /> *Toll free telephone number<br /> *Email <br /> <br /> We instantly send the bitcoins after a successful payment, so we don't hold customer funds. {{unsigned|Lvlemmings|15:25, 24 November 2014‎ (UTC)}}<br /> :Could you paraphrase your service? :) [[User:Taras|Taras]] ([[User talk:Taras|talk]]) 17:41, 26 November 2014 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == BTC Guys LLC ==<br /> Please delete my site. I am no longer selling Bitcoin.<br /> <br /> www.btcguys.us<br /> October 28th, 2014.<br /> <br /> {{unsigned|Mansoor5|02:04, 29 October 2014‎ (UTC)}}<br /> <br /> :Unlisted --[[User:Taras|Taras]] ([[User talk:Taras|talk]]) 22:12, 29 October 2014 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == Independent Reserve ==<br /> <br /> Hello again!<br /> <br /> Like the chaps at Brawker, I think you may not have seen my message further down the page, so I hope you don't mind me moving it here as I see it has worked for Brawker. :)<br /> <br /> Our company, [https://www.independentreserve.com Independent Reserve], is an Australian based Bitcoin exchange trading XBT/USD. We allow international customers to transfer funds via SWIFT transfer into our USD trust account, and Australian customers can use BPAY. Would appreciate a reference on the page if that's possible. {{unsigned|Atepper|12:00, 28 October 2014 (UTC)}}<br /> :What category do you think this should be placed in? :) [[User:Taras|Taras]] ([[User talk:Taras|talk]]) 22:25, 28 October 2014 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == [[File: 6273907.png|30px|link=https://www.brawker.com]] Brawker == <br /> <br /> <br /> Hello again! <br /> <br /> I've tried to add Brawker before but I don't think you guys read my message further down. :(<br /> <br /> Brawker is a very easy and different way of buying bitcoins. People can buy bitcoins using Paypal or credit card on [https://www.brawker.com Brawker]. With Brawker bitcoin buyers buy items at online merchants for people interested in paying with bitcoins. When they receive the items the bitcoin buyers receive the bitcoins that were held in escrow during each transaction.<br /> <br /> Thank you!<br /> <br /> [[User:Ibai|Ibai]]<br /> :I have added it to the Credit Card section. :) [[User:Taras|Taras]] ([[User talk:Taras|talk]]) 01:50, 3 October 2014 (UTC)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == [[File:BTCGuys.png|40px|link=http://www.btcguys.us]] BTC Guys LLC ==<br /> <br /> Hi there, I would like to add my site: www.btcguys.us to the list.<br /> We are based in NY and currently accept domestic and international wire transfers as well as cash in mail and bank deposits. For complete details, visit http://www.btcguys.us/bitcoin-order.html Competitive rate compare to other players (only 5-8% markup)and no registration required!<br /> Thank you for your help - August 25th, 2014<br /> Edited 8/28/2014 {{Unsigned|Mansoor5}}<br /> :Feel free to add your service :) [[User:Taras|Taras]] ([[User talk:Taras|talk]]) 23:57, 28 August 2014 (UTC)<br /> <br /> Dear Taras, I am unable to edit the page. Would you kindly assist?<br /> <br /> Thanks for your help,<br /> Mansoor - September 1st, 2014<br /> -----------------------------<br /> <br /> == [[File:20px-expresscoin.png|20px|link=https://www.expresscoin.com]] expresscoin == <br /> <br /> Our site is [https://www.expresscoin.com expresscoin.com]. We want to add a payment method by USPS Money Order, Personal checks, and be added to the other payment methods. Can we get granted edit rights for this? Happy to help manage and update for others as well. [[User:Expresscoin|expresscoin]] ([[User talk:Expresscoin|talk]]) 00:19, 29 July 2014 (UTC)<br /> <br /> -----------------------------<br /> Hi! <br /> <br /> Could I add Brawker to this version? This is a very easy and different way of buying bitcoins. <br /> <br /> You can buy bitcoins using Paypal on Brawker.com. With Brawker you buy something at an online merchant for someone who is interested in paying with bitcoins. When the person receives the item, you receive the bitcoins that were held in escrow during the transaction. You can also pay for the item with a credit card.<br /> <br /> Thank you!<br /> <br /> [[User:Ibai|Ibai]]<br /> <br /> <br /> -----------------------------<br /> <br /> To other guy: You can have international section. {{unsigned|ChampBroc2}}<br /> <br /> I'd like to add a section for Canadian Interac Online. Could I have edit rights? {{unsigned|Gradoj}}<br /> <br /> == CoinTouch ==<br /> <br /> I run [https://www.cointouch.com/ CoinTouch] (finds friends of friends that trade crypto currency). The site allows decentralised trading with trusted social network connections. I would like to update this page (and [[Getting_started]]) in order to include CoinTouch. Please could an admin do this, or grant me permission to do so. Thanks --[[User:ChrisBeach|ChrisBeach]] ([[User talk:ChrisBeach|talk]]) 12:35, 9 July 2014 (UTC)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Cryptopay ==<br /> <br /> Dear moderators. We are Cryptopay, a UK based exchange, wallet and payment processing company. We offer EU and UK clients an easy way to buy and sell bitcoin using their bank account (SEPA transfers and Faster payments). Can you add us?<br /> <br /> Cheers,<br /> <br /> [[User: Cryptopay|Cryptopay]]<br /> <br /> Hi, suggest to add https://coins.ph. This site has the fastest way to buy and sell bitcoin in the philippines and Thailand they also have online wallet.<br /> <br /> == Please add Bitcoin Magnet to the list ==<br /> <br /> Dear Mods, <br /> Please can you submit the following entry to this page:<br /> <br /> BANK TRANSFER &gt; UK ONLY &gt; BitcoinMagnet.co.uk<br /> <br /> &quot;allows customers to buy &amp; sell Bitcoin automatically using their UK bank account. All you need to provide is an email address and either your bitcoin wallet address (if buying) or your bank account details (if selling). For buying, they give you a unique reference code to include with your bank transfer. All future transfers that include this code will be automatically converted to Bitcoin and sent to you. You can therefore set up a regular standing order if desired. For selling, they give you a unique Bitcoin deposit address to send coins to. All future payments to this address will be automatically converted to GBP and sent to your UK bank account. They use the latest Bitstamp market price and aim to complete orders within 10 minutes. The fee is currently 5%.&quot;<br /> <br /> Many thanks,<br /> John<br /> @ http://www.bitcoinmagnet.co.uk<br /> <br /> {{unsigned|Bitcoin Magnet|16:09, 17 November 2014‎ (UTC)}}<br /> :Hello John, I have added your service to the list. :) --[[User:Taras|Taras]] ([[User talk:Taras|talk]]) 21:56, 17 November 2014 (UTC)<br /> <br /> Thank you - very speedy response :) cheers!<br /> <br /> <br /> == CoinMate.io == <br /> <br /> Hi. Can you add CoinMate.io, BTC/EUR exchange. they accept SEPA deposits/withdrawals in Euro, and instant Sofort deposits, local bank transfers for Polish Zloty and Czech Koruna. They also work with OKPay and Moneypolo for cash deposits. [https://coinmate.io/ CoinMate.io]<br /> <br /> == CoinCorner ==<br /> <br /> Hi mods, would you kindly add CoinCorner to the credit card section and bank transfers (UK Only!!) section?<br /> <br /> CoinCorner is a UK based bitcoin exchange and wallet, allowing you to buy bitcoin instantly with your credit/debit card (prepaid cards are also supported). SEPA and bank transfers are also accepted. <br /> <br /> Thanks, Molly @ [https://www.coincorner.com CoinCorner]<br /> <br /> == Indacoin ==<br /> [https://indacoin.com/change Indacoin] lets its clients from all over the world buy bitcoins with a credit or debit card without registration. The first purchase won't take more than 20 minutes - you will have to enter 4 digits from your online card statement and 6 digits from a phone call. Since the card is verified, all transaction will go through instantly and you won't need to pass verification again. The limit for a new card is USD35 and the second purchase could be made in 4 days (USD 100 limit) and the third purchase could be made in 7 days (USD 500 limit). In one month you won't have any limits to buy bitcoins with your Visa or Mastercard. If you see our support agents online, tell them that you are from bitcoinwiki and ask for a 2% discount coupon.<br /> <br /> == xCoins.io ==<br /> <br /> Dear moderators,<br /> <br /> Please consider adding xCoins.io to the Credit Card section:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;[https://xcoins.io xCoins.io] accepts Visa, MasterCard, PayPal, ACH and eCheck. The platform features fast processing time, unusually less than one hour, for first-time users and instant transactions for repeat clients.&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Our customers love us. We have excellent reviews. Readers will benefit from the added information.<br /> <br /> == Upgrade links http → https ==<br /> <br /> Many of the plain-http links on this page can and should be upgraded to https. Also, there appears to be at least one hardcoded link within the wiki; that should be replaced with a wikilink. I have been doing many such cleanups myself; check my edit history. But I can’t edit this page, because it’s protected.<br /> <br /> Please fix. Thanks.<br /> <br /> [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 19:20, 30 December 2017 (UTC)</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin_Wiki:Community_portal&diff=64693 2017-12-30T18:37:18Z

<p>Nullius: Add/fix/edit links for Bitcoin project.</p> <hr /> <div>== Bitcoin Community Forums on various platforms ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/ Bitcointalk]<br /> * [https://bitco.in/forum/ Bitco.in]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/ /r/Bitcoin]<br /> * [https://plus.google.com/communities/115591368588047305300 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/forum/USD CryptoCompare - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/ The Bitcoin StackExchange]<br /> * [http://bitcointrading.com Bitcoin Trading Forum]<br /> * [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoin-discussion Bitcoin google group]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoins Facebook page]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/buy.bitcoin.news Facebook Bitcoin page]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoin.p2p.digital.currency Facebook page]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoinaustria Bitcoin Austria Facebook page]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/136003253120130 Facebook Group]<br /> * [https://plus.google.com/107581642674912229828/ Bitcoin Google+]<br /> * [http://hubski.com/tag?id=bitcoin Bitcoin on Hubski]<br /> <br /> ===Regions / Languages===<br /> * [http://bitcoin-austria.at/ Bitcoin Austria]<br /> * [https://coinforum.ca Canada's Bitcoin Community]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoin-italia.org Bitcoin Italia]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.org.il Isreali Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.pl/forum/ Polish Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> * [http://btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com] Russian Website about Bitcoin<br /> * [https://forum.btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com Bitcoin Community Forum (Russian)]<br /> * [http://rubitcoin.com/ Russian Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/bitcoinph/ Bitcoin Philippine Community]<br /> <br /> === Local Communities ===<br /> ''For an up-to-date list please see [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/local_communities local communities]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/ArgenBitcoin Argentina bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAUS Australia bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAT Austria bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinBE Belgian bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BrasilBitcoin Brazil bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinCA Canada bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinDK Denmark bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinsuomi Finland bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinFrance France bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinDE Germany bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinGhana Ghana bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinGT Guatemala bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinIndia India bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinIran Iran bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinIT Italy bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinJP Japan bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinlaos Laos bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinMalaysia Malaysia bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BITCOINMEX Mexico bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNL The Netherlands bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNO Norway bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinPL Poland bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinsouthafrica South Africa bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoines Spain bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinSWE Sweden bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoinassociation.ch/ Swiss (Switzerland) bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/btctaiwan Taiwan bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinTR Turkey bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinUK United Kingdom bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinLondon London bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinUSA USA bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinBayArea Bay Area, CA bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/DenverBitcoin/ Denver, CO bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAsheville Asheville, NC bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAlbuquerque Albuquerque, NM bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNY New York City, NY bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinPA Pennsylvania bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNashville Nashville, TN bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://reddit.com/r/BitcoinAustin/ Austin, TX bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinSeattle Seattle, WA bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinVzla Venezuela bitcoin community]<br /> <br /> == Bitcoin Community Groups on Bitcoin Wiki platform ==<br /> <br /> === Special interests ===<br /> * [[Bitcoin Wiki]]-group<br /> <br /> ====Clusters====<br /> There are various temporary and permanent clusters where bitcoin-friendly communities form. Temporary clusters are listed in [[Bitcoin Wiki:Community_portal#Events|events]]. Permanent communities include:<br /> <br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66832.0 Free State Project] New Hampshire<br /> * [http://www.thebitcointrader.com/2012/05/bitcoins-hogwarts-san-francisco-tech.html 20 Mission] San Francisco, CA<br /> <br /> == IRC ==<br /> <br /> * See [[IRC_channels|IRC channels]]<br /> <br /> ==Wiki Users==<br /> <br /> * [[Special:ListUsers|List of Users]] registered on the Bitcoin wiki.<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> Periodic events where Bitcoin community meets include PorcFest, Chaos Computer Camp, Burning Man, Bitcoin conferences and more.<br /> <br /> * [[Meetups]]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4526.0 Events, conferences and other events]<br /> <br /> ==Bitcoin Related Publications==<br /> <br /> * [https://twitter.com/TopNewsBitcoin/bitcoin TopNewsBitcoin/bitcoin] Twitter list<br /> * See [[:Category:Blogs|Blogs]] category<br /> * See [[:Category:Directories|Directories]] category<br /> * See [[Press]]<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> <br /> * [[:Category:Educational|Educational category]]<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> * [http://coinmap.org/ CoinMap], collaborative map based on OpenStreetMap data and rendering<br /> * [[Bitcoin.local]] Local exchanges<br /> * [[Bitcoin Users Worldwide]] - Find nearby Bitcoin users • Engage in local trade • Add your own offers • Get notifications<br /> <br /> == Merchants ==<br /> *[https://localbitcoins.com/ LOCALBITCOINS] Buy and sell bitcoins near you, Instant. Secure. Private , Trade bitcoins in 13633 cities and 248 countries<br /> <br /> == Monitoring ==<br /> * [https://markets.blockchain.info/ BLOCKCHAIN.INFO] News and market data for the Bitcoin ecosystem.<br /> * [https://bitcoinchain.com/ BitcoinChain.com] provides Bitcoin Block Explorer, Exchange Markets, Mining Pools Data. <br /> * [https://bitcoincharts.com/markets/ Bitcoin Charts] displays an overview of Bitcoin exchange markets.<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/overview/USD CryptoCompare.com] Overview, Forum, Live Streaming Markets, Charts and Trades. <br /> * The [http://www.bitcoinmonitor.com/ Bitcoin Monitor] visualizes transactions, new blocks and trades on markets as they are happening.<br /> * [http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/ Bitcoin Watch] has various statistics on things like the size of the economy or the number of transactions.<br /> * [http://bitcoinx.io/ BitcoinX.io] monitors and displays Bitcoin exchanges and Bitcoin wallets with rankings and tools.<br /> * [https://blockchain.info/ BLOCKCHAIN.INFO - NORMAL] Discover the world's most popular Bitcoin wallet. View detailed information and charts on all Bitcoin transactions and blocks. Visit today.<br /> <br /> == Bitcoin Project ==<br /> * [https://bitcoin.org/ Bitcoin.org] Bitcoin Community Information for Individuals, Businesses, and Developers<br /> * [https://bitcoincore.org/ Bitcoin Core] Project Site<br /> * [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin Bitcoin Core source code repository]<br /> * [https://gitian.org/ Gitian] for auditing reproducible binaries produced in the [https://gist.github.com/806265 Bitcoin build process]<br /> * [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev bitcoin-dev] and [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-discuss bitcoin-discuss] mailing lists<br /> * [[:Category:Developer|Developer]] pages<br /> <br /> == Non-profit Organizations ==<br /> <br /> * [[List_of_Bitcoin_non-profits_around_the_world|List of Bitcoin non-profits around the world]]<br /> <br /> == External Communities ==<br /> * [https://www.quora.com/topic/Bitcoin Quora] Bitcoin topic Q&amp;A community.</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin_Wiki:Community_portal&diff=64692 2017-12-30T18:28:35Z

<p>Nullius: Upgrade http → https for links where I verified this will work; and fix one wikilink.</p> <hr /> <div>== Bitcoin Community Forums on various platforms ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/ Bitcointalk]<br /> * [https://bitco.in/forum/ Bitco.in]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/ /r/Bitcoin]<br /> * [https://plus.google.com/communities/115591368588047305300 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/forum/USD CryptoCompare - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/ The Bitcoin StackExchange]<br /> * [http://bitcointrading.com Bitcoin Trading Forum]<br /> * [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoin-discussion Bitcoin google group]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoins Facebook page]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/buy.bitcoin.news Facebook Bitcoin page]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoin.p2p.digital.currency Facebook page]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoinaustria Bitcoin Austria Facebook page]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/136003253120130 Facebook Group]<br /> * [https://plus.google.com/107581642674912229828/ Bitcoin Google+]<br /> * [http://hubski.com/tag?id=bitcoin Bitcoin on Hubski]<br /> <br /> ===Regions / Languages===<br /> * [http://bitcoin-austria.at/ Bitcoin Austria]<br /> * [https://coinforum.ca Canada's Bitcoin Community]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoin-italia.org Bitcoin Italia]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.org.il Isreali Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.pl/forum/ Polish Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> * [http://btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com] Russian Website about Bitcoin<br /> * [https://forum.btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com Bitcoin Community Forum (Russian)]<br /> * [http://rubitcoin.com/ Russian Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/bitcoinph/ Bitcoin Philippine Community]<br /> <br /> === Local Communities ===<br /> ''For an up-to-date list please see [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/local_communities local communities]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/ArgenBitcoin Argentina bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAUS Australia bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAT Austria bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinBE Belgian bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BrasilBitcoin Brazil bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinCA Canada bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinDK Denmark bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinsuomi Finland bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinFrance France bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinDE Germany bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinGhana Ghana bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinGT Guatemala bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinIndia India bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinIran Iran bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinIT Italy bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinJP Japan bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinlaos Laos bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinMalaysia Malaysia bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BITCOINMEX Mexico bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNL The Netherlands bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNO Norway bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinPL Poland bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinsouthafrica South Africa bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoines Spain bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinSWE Sweden bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoinassociation.ch/ Swiss (Switzerland) bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/btctaiwan Taiwan bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinTR Turkey bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinUK United Kingdom bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinLondon London bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinUSA USA bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinBayArea Bay Area, CA bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/DenverBitcoin/ Denver, CO bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAsheville Asheville, NC bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAlbuquerque Albuquerque, NM bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNY New York City, NY bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinPA Pennsylvania bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNashville Nashville, TN bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://reddit.com/r/BitcoinAustin/ Austin, TX bitcoin community]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinSeattle Seattle, WA bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinVzla Venezuela bitcoin community]<br /> <br /> == Bitcoin Community Groups on Bitcoin Wiki platform ==<br /> <br /> === Special interests ===<br /> * [[Bitcoin Wiki]]-group<br /> <br /> ====Clusters====<br /> There are various temporary and permanent clusters where bitcoin-friendly communities form. Temporary clusters are listed in [[Bitcoin Wiki:Community_portal#Events|events]]. Permanent communities include:<br /> <br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66832.0 Free State Project] New Hampshire<br /> * [http://www.thebitcointrader.com/2012/05/bitcoins-hogwarts-san-francisco-tech.html 20 Mission] San Francisco, CA<br /> <br /> == IRC ==<br /> <br /> * See [[IRC_channels|IRC channels]]<br /> <br /> ==Wiki Users==<br /> <br /> * [[Special:ListUsers|List of Users]] registered on the Bitcoin wiki.<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> Periodic events where Bitcoin community meets include PorcFest, Chaos Computer Camp, Burning Man, Bitcoin conferences and more.<br /> <br /> * [[Meetups]]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4526.0 Events, conferences and other events]<br /> <br /> ==Bitcoin Related Publications==<br /> <br /> * [https://twitter.com/TopNewsBitcoin/bitcoin TopNewsBitcoin/bitcoin] Twitter list<br /> * See [[:Category:Blogs|Blogs]] category<br /> * See [[:Category:Directories|Directories]] category<br /> * See [[Press]]<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> <br /> * [[:Category:Educational|Educational category]]<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> * [http://coinmap.org/ CoinMap], collaborative map based on OpenStreetMap data and rendering<br /> * [[Bitcoin.local]] Local exchanges<br /> * [[Bitcoin Users Worldwide]] - Find nearby Bitcoin users • Engage in local trade • Add your own offers • Get notifications<br /> <br /> == Merchants ==<br /> *[https://localbitcoins.com/ LOCALBITCOINS] Buy and sell bitcoins near you, Instant. Secure. Private , Trade bitcoins in 13633 cities and 248 countries<br /> <br /> == Monitoring ==<br /> * [https://markets.blockchain.info/ BLOCKCHAIN.INFO] News and market data for the Bitcoin ecosystem.<br /> * [https://bitcoinchain.com/ BitcoinChain.com] provides Bitcoin Block Explorer, Exchange Markets, Mining Pools Data. <br /> * [https://bitcoincharts.com/markets/ Bitcoin Charts] displays an overview of Bitcoin exchange markets.<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/overview/USD CryptoCompare.com] Overview, Forum, Live Streaming Markets, Charts and Trades. <br /> * The [http://www.bitcoinmonitor.com/ Bitcoin Monitor] visualizes transactions, new blocks and trades on markets as they are happening.<br /> * [http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/ Bitcoin Watch] has various statistics on things like the size of the economy or the number of transactions.<br /> * [http://bitcoinx.io/ BitcoinX.io] monitors and displays Bitcoin exchanges and Bitcoin wallets with rankings and tools.<br /> * [https://blockchain.info/ BLOCKCHAIN.INFO - NORMAL] Discover the world's most popular Bitcoin wallet. View detailed information and charts on all Bitcoin transactions and blocks. Visit today.<br /> <br /> == Bitcoin Project ==<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.org Bitcoin.org] Bitcoin.org project site<br /> * [https://github.com/bitcoin GitHub] Bitcoin project site<br /> * [[:Category:Developer|Developer]] pages<br /> <br /> == Non-profit Organizations ==<br /> <br /> * [[List_of_Bitcoin_non-profits_around_the_world|List of Bitcoin non-profits around the world]]<br /> <br /> == External Communities ==<br /> * [https://www.quora.com/topic/Bitcoin Quora] Bitcoin topic Q&amp;A community.</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin_Wiki:Community_portal&diff=64691 2017-12-30T18:20:59Z

<p>Nullius: Axe links to Roger Ver’s scamcoin promotion newbie trap, “bitcoin dot com”, and related altcoin subreddits.</p> <hr /> <div>== Bitcoin Community Forums on various platforms ==<br /> * [http://bitcointalk.org/ Bitcointalk]<br /> * [https://bitco.in/forum/ Bitco.in]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/ /r/Bitcoin]<br /> * [https://plus.google.com/communities/115591368588047305300 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/forum/USD CryptoCompare - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/ The Bitcoin StackExchange]<br /> * [http://bitcointrading.com Bitcoin Trading Forum]<br /> * [http://groups.google.com/group/bitcoin-discussion Bitcoin google group]<br /> * [http://www.facebook.com/bitcoins Facebook page]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/buy.bitcoin.news Facebook Bitcoin page]<br /> * [http://www.facebook.com/bitcoin.p2p.digital.currency Facebook page]<br /> * [http://www.facebook.com/bitcoinaustria Bitcoin Austria Facebook page]<br /> * [http://www.facebook.com/groups/136003253120130 Facebook Group]<br /> * [https://plus.google.com/107581642674912229828/ Bitcoin Google+]<br /> * [http://hubski.com/tag?id=bitcoin Bitcoin on Hubski]<br /> <br /> ===Regions / Languages===<br /> * [http://bitcoin-austria.at/ Bitcoin Austria]<br /> * [https://coinforum.ca Canada's Bitcoin Community]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoin-italia.org Bitcoin Italia]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.org.il Isreali Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.pl/forum/ Polish Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> * [http://btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com] Russian Website about Bitcoin<br /> * [https://forum.btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com Bitcoin Community Forum (Russian)]<br /> * [http://rubitcoin.com/ Russian Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/bitcoinph/ Bitcoin Philippine Community]<br /> <br /> === Local Communities ===<br /> ''For an up-to-date list please see [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/local_communities local communities]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/ArgenBitcoin Argentina bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAUS Australia bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAT Austria bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinBE Belgian bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BrasilBitcoin Brazil bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinCA Canada bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinDK Denmark bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinsuomi Finland bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinFrance France bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinDE Germany bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinGhana Ghana bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinGT Guatemala bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinIndia India bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinIran Iran bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinIT Italy bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinJP Japan bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinlaos Laos bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinMalaysia Malaysia bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BITCOINMEX Mexico bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNL The Netherlands bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNO Norway bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinPL Poland bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinsouthafrica South Africa bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoines Spain bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinSWE Sweden bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoinassociation.ch/ Swiss (Switzerland) bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/btctaiwan Taiwan bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinTR Turkey bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinUK United Kingdom bitcoin community]<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinLondon London bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinUSA USA bitcoin community]<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinBayArea Bay Area, CA bitcoin community]<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/DenverBitcoin/ Denver, CO bitcoin community]<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAsheville Asheville, NC bitcoin community]<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinAlbuquerque Albuquerque, NM bitcoin community]<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNY New York City, NY bitcoin community]<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinPA Pennsylvania bitcoin community]<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinNashville Nashville, TN bitcoin community]<br /> ** [http://reddit.com/r/BitcoinAustin/ Austin, TX bitcoin community]<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinSeattle Seattle, WA bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinVzla Venezuela bitcoin community]<br /> <br /> == Bitcoin Community Groups on Bitcoin Wiki platform ==<br /> <br /> === Special interests ===<br /> * [[Bitcoin Wiki]]-group<br /> <br /> ====Clusters====<br /> There are various temporary and permanent clusters where bitcoin-friendly communities form. Temporary clusters are listed in [[Bitcoin Wiki:Community_portal#Events|events]]. Permanent communities include:<br /> <br /> * [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=66832.0 Free State Project] New Hampshire<br /> * [http://www.thebitcointrader.com/2012/05/bitcoins-hogwarts-san-francisco-tech.html 20 Mission] San Francisco, CA<br /> <br /> == IRC ==<br /> <br /> * See [[IRC_channels|IRC channels]]<br /> <br /> ==Wiki Users==<br /> <br /> * [http://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Special:ListUsers List of Users] registered on the Bitcoin wiki.<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> Periodic events where Bitcoin community meets include PorcFest, Chaos Computer Camp, Burning Man, Bitcoin conferences and more.<br /> <br /> * [[Meetups]]<br /> * [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=4526.0 Events, conferences and other events]<br /> <br /> ==Bitcoin Related Publications==<br /> <br /> * [http://twitter.com/TopNewsBitcoin/bitcoin TopNewsBitcoin/bitcoin] Twitter list<br /> * See [[:Category:Blogs|Blogs]] category<br /> * See [[:Category:Directories|Directories]] category<br /> * See [[Press]]<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> <br /> * [[:Category:Educational|Educational category]]<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> * [http://coinmap.org/ CoinMap], collaborative map based on OpenStreetMap data and rendering<br /> * [[Bitcoin.local]] Local exchanges<br /> * [[Bitcoin Users Worldwide]] - Find nearby Bitcoin users • Engage in local trade • Add your own offers • Get notifications<br /> <br /> == Merchants ==<br /> *[https://localbitcoins.com/ LOCALBITCOINS] Buy and sell bitcoins near you, Instant. Secure. Private , Trade bitcoins in 13633 cities and 248 countries<br /> <br /> == Monitoring ==<br /> * [https://markets.blockchain.info/ BLOCKCHAIN.INFO] News and market data for the Bitcoin ecosystem.<br /> * [http://bitcoinchain.com/ BitcoinChain.com] provides Bitcoin Block Explorer, Exchange Markets, Mining Pools Data. <br /> * [http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/ Bitcoin Charts] displays an overview of Bitcoin exchange markets.<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/overview/USD CryptoCompare.com] Overview, Forum, Live Streaming Markets, Charts and Trades. <br /> * The [http://www.bitcoinmonitor.com/ Bitcoin Monitor] visualizes transactions, new blocks and trades on markets as they are happening.<br /> * [http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/ Bitcoin Watch] has various statistics on things like the size of the economy or the number of transactions.<br /> * [http://bitcoinx.io/ BitcoinX.io] monitors and displays Bitcoin exchanges and Bitcoin wallets with rankings and tools.<br /> * [https://blockchain.info/ BLOCKCHAIN.INFO - NORMAL] Discover the world's most popular Bitcoin wallet. View detailed information and charts on all Bitcoin transactions and blocks. Visit today.<br /> <br /> == Bitcoin Project ==<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.org Bitcoin.org] Bitcoin.org project site<br /> * [https://github.com/bitcoin GitHub] Bitcoin project site<br /> * [[:Category:Developer|Developer]] pages<br /> <br /> == Non-profit Organizations ==<br /> <br /> * [[List_of_Bitcoin_non-profits_around_the_world|List of Bitcoin non-profits around the world]]<br /> <br /> == External Communities ==<br /> * [https://www.quora.com/topic/Bitcoin Quora] Bitcoin topic Q&amp;A community.</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin_Core&diff=64690 2017-12-30T18:02:35Z

<p>Nullius: Add link to bitcoincore.org.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bitcoin Core''' (formerly '''Bitcoin-Qt''') is the third [[Bitcoin]] [[Clients|client]], developed by [[Wladimir J. van der Laan]] based on the original reference code by [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitcoin Client Software&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bitcoin Client Software|url=http://bitcoin.org/clients.html|publisher=Bitcoin.org|accessdate=21 October 2012|quote=The original software written by Satoshi Nakamoto, the project's founder.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://gavintech.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/full-disclosure-bitcoin-qt-on-windows.html, Full disclosure: Bitcoin-Qt on Windows vulnerability, 21st October 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2012-4682, Vulnerability Summary for CVE-2012-4682, 21st October 2012&lt;/ref&gt; It has been bundled with [[bitcoind]] since version 0.5.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitcoin-Qt/Bitcoind Releases&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bitcoin-Qt/Bitcoind Releases|url=http://bitcoin.org/news.html|publisher=Bitcoin.org|accessdate=21 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitcoin-Qt has been rebranded to '''[[Bitcoin Core]]''' since version 0.9.0 &lt;ref name=&quot;Rebranding to Bitcoin Core&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bitcoin Core version 0.9.0 released|url=https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.9.0|publisher=Bitcoin.org|accessdate=19 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Bitcoin Core can be used as a desktop client for regular payments or as a server utility for merchants and other payment services. <br /> <br /> ===Current version===<br /> Source code (and build instructions for supported platforms) can be found at the [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin Bitcoin GitHub page].<br /> <br /> ==Features==<br /> * Compatibility with Linux (both GNOME and KDE), Mac OS X and Windows<br /> * All functionality of the original wxWidgets client<br /> * Asks for confirmation before sending coins<br /> * CSV export of transactions<br /> * Clearer transaction list with status icons and real-time filtering<br /> * Progress bar on initial block download<br /> * Languages: Dutch, English, German, Chinese and many more. Translations are being done by volunteers on [https://www.transifex.com/projects/p/bitcoin/ Transifex].<br /> * Sendmany support in UI (send to multiple recipients in one transaction)<br /> * Multiple [[Units|unit]] support, can show subdivided bitcoins (mBTC, µBTC) for users that like large numbers (only decimal units)<br /> * Splash screen that details progress<br /> * Debug window<br /> * Payment requests (BIP 70)<br /> * Coin control<br /> * bitcoin-cli as a RPC client, instead of bitcoind executable functioning both as a server and as a RPC client<br /> <br /> ==Criticism==<br /> <br /> ===Sync time===<br /> Bitcoin Core is often criticized for being slow in downloading and verifying the Bitcoin transaction database (the [[blockchain]]). The download may be quicker using the [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=145386.0 bootstrap method]. '''NOTE:''' As of version 0.10.0 it is now slower to download the blockchain via the torrent than it is to download the full blockchain through the P2P client.<br /> <br /> ===Bandwidth use===<br /> It has also been criticized for &quot;hogging&quot; upload bandwidth when peers connect to download the blockchain (possible only when run with port 8333 accessible to outside connections).<br /> This perceived &quot;issue&quot; has been [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/273 discussed extensively on GitHub].<br /> Most modern routers support quality-of-service that can be configured to properly share the internet connection across all services, and even deprioritise Bitcoin traffic.<br /> Bitcoin Core includes a script for Linux to configure QoS on an individual host.&lt;ref&gt;https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/contrib/qos, Linux QoS bash script&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Windows users can also use third-party software such as [http://seriousbit.com/netbalancer/ Netbalancer] to throttle the application's upload bandwidth and ensure that one has enough upload bandwidth available for regular computer and internet use to be unaffected.<br /> <br /> ===Lack of multiwallet support; node+wallet tied together===<br /> Wallet management is also cumbersome. Unlike clients such as [[Armory]], [[MultiBit]], [[Electrum]] and others only one wallet at a time is supported, and its location is required to be the same as the blockchain storage, making it [[Securing_your_wallet#Making_a_secure_workspace|difficult to place the wallet on an encrypted drive]]. It is recommended to backup the wallet.dat file every 50 transactions, due to the way Bitcoin Core handles [[Change|change]].<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> <br /> * [https://bitcoin.org/en/download Download link at bitcoin.org]<br /> * [https://bitcoin.org/en/version-history Version history]<br /> * [https://bitcoincore.org/ Bitcoin Core website]<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=15276.0 Forum thread] (includes screenshots)<br /> * [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin Current GitHub repository shared with bitcoind]<br /> <br /> &lt;references<br /> <br /> /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[QBitcoin]]<br /> * [[bitcoind]]<br /> <br /> [[es:Bitcoin-Qt]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:User Interfaces]]<br /> [[Category:Frontends]]<br /> [[Category:Free Software]]<br /> [[Category:Open Source]]<br /> <br /> {{Bitcoin Core documentation}}</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin&diff=64689 2017-12-30T17:58:35Z

<p>Nullius: Change ridiculously outdated, 44-month-stale information which underestimates Bitcoin’s market cap by two orders of magnitude. Axe ref to Mt.Gox data. Need better references.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bitcoin''' is a decentralized [[digital currency]] created by developer [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. It does not rely on a central server to process transactions or store funds. There are a maximum of 2,099,999,997,690,000 Bitcoin elements (called satoshis), which are currently most commonly measured in units of 100,000,000 known as BTC. Stated another way, no more than 21 million BTC can ever be created.<br /> <br /> {{As of|December 2017}}, it is the most widely used alternative currency,&lt;ref name=&quot;Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph|url=https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf|publisher=Cryptology ePrint Archive|accessdate=18 October 2012|author=Ron Dorit|coauthors=Adi Shamir|page=17|quote=The Bitcoin system is the best known and most widely used alternative payment scheme,...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cryptocurrency Market Capitalization&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coinmarketcap.com|url=https://coinmarketcap.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; now with the total market cap over 200 billion US dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Market Capitalization|url=https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/|publisher= [[Coinmarketcap.com]] |accessdate=30 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bitcoin has no central issuer; instead, the peer-to-peer network regulates Bitcoins, transactions and issuance according to consensus in network software.<br /> Bitcoins are issued to various nodes that verify transactions through computing power;<br /> it is established that there will be a limited and scheduled release of no more than 21 million BTC worth of coins, which will be fully issued by the year 2140.<br /> <br /> Internationally, Bitcoins can be exchanged and managed through various websites and [[software]] along with physical banknotes and coins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Physical Bitcoins by Casascius|url=https://www.casascius.com/|publisher=Casascius Coins|accessdate=29 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitbills|url=http://www.bitbills.com/|publisher=Bitbills|accessdate=29 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{main|History}}<br /> <br /> A cryptographic system for untraceable payments was first described by David Chaum in 1982.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.koehntopp.de/uploads/Chaum.BlindSigForPayment.1982.PDF David Chaum, Blind signatures for untraceable payments], Advances in Cryptology - Crypto '82, Springer-Verlag (1983), 199–203.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1990 Chaum extended this system to create the first cryptographic anonymous electronic cash system.,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|last1=Chaum|first1=David|last2=Fiat|first2=Amos|last3=Naor|first3=Moni|title=Untraceable Electronic Cash|url=http://blog.koehntopp.de/uploads/chaum_fiat_naor_ecash.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; which became known as ecash.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.12/emoney.html|publisher=Wired|title=E-Money (That's What I Want)|date=1994–2012|author=Steven Levy}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1998 [[Wei Dai]] published a description of an anonymous, distributed electronic cash system which he called &quot;b-money&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=B-Money|url=http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt|author=Wei Dai|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around the same time, Nick Szabo created ''bit gold''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/0|title=Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists’ Answer to Cash|publisher=IEEE Spectrum|quote=Around the same time, Nick Szabo, a computer scientist who now blogs about law and the history of money, was one of the first to imagine a new digital currency from the ground up. Although many consider his scheme, which he calls “bit gold,” to be a precursor to Bitcoin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bitgold&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bit gold|url=https://unenumerated.blogspot.co.uk/2005/12/bit-gold.html|author=Nick Szabo|quote=My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously &quot;client puzzle function,&quot; &quot;proof of work function,&quot; or &quot;secure benchmark function.&quot;. The resulting string of bits is the proof of work.... The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like Bitcoin, ''Bit gold'' was a currency system where users would compete to solve a [[proof of work]] function, with solutions being cryptographically chained together and published via a distributed property title registry. A variant of ''Bit gold'', called ''Reusable Proofs of Work'', was implemented by Hal Finney.&lt;ref name=&quot;bitgold&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto published a [[Bitcoin_white_paper|paper]]&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last= Nakamoto<br /> |first= Satoshi<br /> |title= Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System<br /> |url= http://www.cs.kent.edu/~JAVED/class-P2P12F/papers-2012/PAPER2012-p2p-bitcoin-satoshinakamoto.pdf<br /> |accessdate = 14 December 2010<br /> |date= 24 May 2009<br /> |postscript=<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/<br /> |title= Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; on The Cryptography Mailing list at metzdowd.com&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22 Satoshi's posts to Cryptography mailing list]&lt;/ref&gt; describing the Bitcoin protocol.<br /> <br /> The Bitcoin network came into existence on 3 January 2009 with the release of the first Bitcoin client, [[wxBitcoin]], and the issuance of the first Bitcoins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Block 0 – Bitcoin Block Explorer |url=https://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html |title=Bitcoin v0.1 released}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/news/?group_id=244765 |title=SourceForge.net: Bitcoin}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> A year after, the initial exchange rates for Bitcoin were set by individuals on the bitcointalk forums.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} The most significant transaction involved a 10,000 BTC pizza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin|url=https://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/|publisher=Wired|accessdate=13 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Today, the majority of Bitcoin exchanges occur on the [[Bitstamp]] Bitcoin exchange.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Exchange volume distribution | work = by market | publisher = [[Bitcoin Charts]] | date = April 15, 2014 | url = https://bitcoincharts.com/charts/volumepie/ | accessdate = 2014-04-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, Wikileaks,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |last= Greenberg<br /> |first= Andy<br /> |url= http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/06/14/wikileaks-asks-for-anonymous-bitcoin-donations/<br /> |title= WikiLeaks Asks For Anonymous Bitcoin Donations – Andy Greenberg – The Firewall – Forbes<br /> |publisher= Blogs.forbes.com<br /> |date= 2011-06-14<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Freenet]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://freenetproject.org/donate.html<br /> |title= /donate<br /> |publisher= The Freenet Project<br /> |date=<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Singularity Institute,&lt;ref&gt;[http://singinst.org/donate/ SIAI donation page]&lt;/ref&gt; Internet Archive,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.archive.org/donate/index.php Internet Archive donation page]&lt;/ref&gt; Free Software Foundation&lt;ref&gt;[https://my.fsf.org/donate/other/ Other ways to donate]&lt;/ref&gt; and others, began to accept donations in Bitcoin. The Electronic Frontier Foundation did so for a while but has since stopped, citing concerns about a lack of legal precedent about new currency systems, and because they &quot;generally don't endorse any type of product or service.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/06/eff-and-bitcoin<br /> |title= EFF and Bitcoin &amp;#124; Electronic Frontier Foundation<br /> |publisher= Eff.org<br /> |date= 2011-06-14<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some small businesses had started to adopt Bitcoin. LaCie, a public company, accepts Bitcoin for its Wuala service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wuala.com/en/bitcoin |title=Secure Online Storage – Backup. Sync. Share. Access Everywhere |publisher=Wuala |date= |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2012, BitPay reports of having over 1000 merchants accepting Bitcoin under its payment processing service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BitPay Signs 1,000 Merchants to Accept Bitcoin Payments|url=http://www.americanbanker.com/issues/177_176/bitpay-signs-1000-merchants-to-accept-bitcoin-payments-1052538-1.html|publisher=American Banker|accessdate=12 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> Bitcoin is administered through a decentralized peer-to-peer network.&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot;/&gt; Cryptographic technologies and the peer-to-peer network of computing power enables users to make and verify irreversible, instant online Bitcoin payments, without an obligation to trust and use centralized banking institutions and authorities. Dispute resolution services are not made directly available. Instead it is left to the users to verify and trust the parties they are sending money to through their choice of methods. <br /> <br /> Bitcoins are issued according to rules agreed to by the majority of the computing power within the Bitcoin network. The core rules describing the predictable issuance of Bitcoins to its verifying servers, a voluntary and competitive transaction fee system and the hard limit of no more than 21 million BTC issued in total.&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Bitcoin does not require a central bank, State,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/3<br /> |title= Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash<br /> |publisher= IEEE.org<br /> |date= June 2012<br /> |accessdate = 2012-06-05<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; or incorporated backers.<br /> <br /> ==Services==<br /> {{main|Wallet}}<br /> <br /> Bitcoins are sent and received through software and websites called wallets. They send and confirm transactions to the network through Bitcoin addresses, the identifiers for users' Bitcoin wallets within the network.&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bitcoin addresses===<br /> {{main|Address}}<br /> <br /> Payments are made to Bitcoin &quot;addresses&quot;: human-readable strings of numbers and letters around 33 characters in length, always beginning with the digit 1 or 3, as in the example of ''31uEbMgunupShBVTewXjtqbBv5MndwfXhb''.<br /> <br /> Users obtain new Bitcoin addresses from their Bitcoin software. Creating a new address can be a completely offline process and require no communication with the Bitcoin network. Web services often generate a new Bitcoin address for every user, allowing them to have their custom deposit addresses.{{dubious}}<br /> <br /> ===Transaction fees===<br /> {{main|Transaction fees}}<br /> Transaction fees may be included with any transfer of Bitcoins. While it's technically possible to send a transaction with zero fee, {{as of|2017}} it's highly unlikely that one of these transactions confirms in a realistic amount of time, causing most nodes on the network to drop it. For transactions which consume or produce many outputs (and therefore have a large data size), higher transaction fees are usually expected.<br /> <br /> ===Confirmations===<br /> {{main|Confirmation}}<br /> <br /> The network's software confirms a transaction when it records it in a block. Further blocks of transactions confirm it even further. After six confirmations/blocks, a transaction is confirmed beyond reasonable doubt.<br /> <br /> The network must store the whole transaction history inside the blockchain, which grows constantly as new records are added and never removed. Nakamoto conceived that as the database became larger, users would desire applications for Bitcoin that didn't store the entire database on their computer. To enable this, the blockchain uses a [[merkle tree]] to organize the transaction records in such a way that client software can locally delete portions of its own database it knows it will never need, such as earlier transaction records of Bitcoins that have changed ownership multiple times.<br /> <br /> ==Economics==<br /> <br /> ===Initial distribution===<br /> <br /> Bitcoin has no centralized issuing authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;ars-06-08-11&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |first= Thomas<br /> |last= Lowenthal<br /> |title= Bitcoin: inside the encrypted, peer-to-peer digital currency<br /> |newspaper= Ars Technica<br /> |date= 8 June 2011<br /> |url= https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-inside-the-encrypted-peer-to-peer-currency.ars<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |author= Sponsored by<br /> |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency<br /> |title= Virtual currency: Bits and bob<br /> |publisher= The Economist<br /> |date=<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last= Geere<br /> |first= Duncan<br /> |url= https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-05/16/bitcoin-p2p-currency<br /> |title= Peer-to-peer currency Bitcoin sidesteps financial institutions (Wired UK)<br /> |publisher= Wired.co.uk<br /> |date=<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The network is programmed to increase the money supply as a geometric series until the total number of Bitcoins reaches 21 million BTC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph&quot;/&gt; {{As of|2012|10}} slightly over 10 million of the total 21 million BTC had been created; the current total number created is available online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title= Total Number of Bitcoins in Existence<br /> |url= https://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc<br /> |work= Bitcoin Block Explorer<br /> |accessdate = 2012-10-03<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2013 half of the total supply will have been generated, and by 2017, three-quarters will have been generated. To ensure sufficient granularity of the [[money supply]], clients can divide each BTC unit down to eight decimal places (a total of 2.1&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; or 2.1 quadrillion units).&lt;ref name=&quot;lwn&quot;&gt;{{Cite news<br /> |author= Nathan Willis<br /> |date= 2010-11-10<br /> |title= Bitcoin: Virtual money created by CPU cycles<br /> |publisher= LWN.net<br /> |url= https://lwn.net/Articles/414452/<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The network {{As of|2012|lc=on}} required over one million times more work for confirming a block and receiving an award (25 BTC {{As of|2012|2|lc=on}}) than when the first blocks were confirmed.<br /> The difficulty is automatically adjusted every 2016 blocks based on the time taken to find the previous 2016 blocks such that one block is created roughly every 10 minutes.<br /> <br /> Those who chose to put computational and electrical resources toward mining early on had a greater chance at receiving awards for block generations. This served to make available enough processing power to process blocks. Indeed, without miners there are no transactions and the Bitcoin economy comes to a halt.<br /> <br /> ===Exchange rate===<br /> Prices fluctuate relative to goods and services more than more widely accepted currencies;<br /> the price of a Bitcoin is not static.<br /> <br /> In August 2012, 1 BTC traded at around $10.00 USD. Taking into account the total number of Bitcoins mined, the monetary base of the Bitcoin network stands at over 110 million USD.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/ http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/] Bitcoin statistics&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Anonymity ==&lt;!--Please keep as starting template--&gt;<br /> {{main|Anonymity &amp; Security}}<br /> <br /> === Transactions ===<br /> <br /> While using bitcoins is an excellent way to make your purchases, donations, and p2p payments, without losing money through inflated transaction fees, transactions are never truly anonymous. Buying Bitcoin you pass identification, Bitcoin transactions are stored publicly and permanently on the network, which means anyone can see the balance and transactions of any Bitcoin address. Bitcoin activities are recorded and available publicly via the [[blockchain]], a comprehensive database which keeps a record of bitcoin transactions.<br /> <br /> === Buying/selling bitcoins ===<br /> <br /> All exchanges require the user to scan ID documents, and large transactions must be reported to the proper governmental authority. When you use Bitcoin to pay for goods and services, you will of course need to provide your name and address to the seller for delivery purposes.<br /> <br /> This means that a third party with an interest in tracking your activities can use your visible balance and ID information as a basis from which to track your future transactions or to study previous activity. In short, you have compromised your [[security]] and [[privacy]].<br /> <br /> In addition to conventional exchanges like Bitstamp, Bitfinex, Kraken and Coinable there are also Peer to peer exchanges like localbitcoins and Paxful. Peer to peer exchanges will often not collect KYC and identity information directly from users, instead they let the users handle KYC amongst themselves. These can often be a better alternative for those looking to purchase bitcoin quickly and without KYC delay.<br /> <br /> === Mixing services ===<br /> <br /> [http://anonymity.co.in/mixing_services.html Mixing services] are used to avoid compromising of privacy and security. Mixing services provide to periodically exchange your bitcoins for different ones which cannot be associated with the original owner.<br /> <br /> == Security ==&lt;!--Please keep as starting template--&gt;<br /> {{seealso|Weaknesses}}<br /> <br /> In the history of bitcoin, there have been a few [[incidents]], caused by problematic as well as malicious transactions. In the worst such incident, and the only one of its type, a person was able to pretend that he had a practically infinite supply of bitcoins, for almost 9 hours.<br /> <br /> Bitcoin relies, among other things, on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography public key cryptography] and thus may be vulnerable to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_cryptography#Quantum_computing_attacks quantum computing attacks] if and when practical quantum computers can be constructed.<br /> <br /> If multiple different software packages, whose usage becomes widespread on the Bitcoin network, disagree on the protocol and the rules for transactions, this could potentially cause a fork in the block chain, with each faction of users being able to accept only their own version of the history of transactions. This could influence the price of bitcoins.<br /> <br /> A global, organized campaign against the currency or the software could also influence the demand for bitcoins, and thus the exchange price.<br /> <br /> ==Bitcoin mining==<br /> {{main|Mining}}<br /> <br /> Bitcoin mining nodes are responsible for managing the Bitcoin network.<br /> <br /> Bitcoins are awarded to Bitcoin nodes known as &quot;miners&quot; for the solution to a difficult [[proof-of-work]] problem which confirms transactions and prevents double-spending. This incentive, as the Nakamoto white paper describes it, encourages &quot;nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since no central authority issues them.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Nakamoto compared the generation of new coins by expending CPU time and electricity to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation.&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Node operation===<br /> <br /> The node software for the Bitcoin network is based on peer-to-peer networking, digital signatures and cryptographic proof to make and verify transactions. Nodes broadcast transactions to the network, which records them in a public record of all transactions, called the ''blockchain'', after validating them with a [[proof-of-work|proof-of-work system]].<br /> <br /> Satoshi Nakamoto designed the first Bitcoin node and mining software&lt;ref name=&quot;processors&quot;&gt;{{Cite news<br /> |last= Davis<br /> |first= Joshua<br /> |title= The Crypto-Currency<br /> |url= https://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/all<br /> |accessdate = 11 November 2011<br /> |newspaper= Wired Magazine<br /> |date= 10 November 2011<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; and developed the majority of the first implementation, Bitcoind, from 2007 to mid-2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;code_start&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=13.msg46#msg46<br /> |title= Questions about Bitcoin<br /> |publisher= Bitcoin forum<br /> |date= 2009-12-10<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Node implementations include core software such as Bitcoind/Bitcoin-Qt, [[libbitcoin]], [[cbitcoin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=cbitcoin|url=https://github.com/MatthewLM/cbitcoin|accessdate=3 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[BitCoinJ|bitcoinj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://news.slashdot.org/story/11/03/23/0210207/Google-Engineer-Releases-Open-Source-Bitcoin-Client<br /> |title= Google Engineer Releases Open Source Bitcoin Client<br /> |author= angry tapir, timothy<br /> |date= 23 March 2011<br /> |publisher= Slashdot<br /> |accessdate = 2011-05-18<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-2012/120110-bitcoin-for-beginners-3.html?page=1<br /> |title= Bitcoin for beginners: The BitcoinJ API<br /> |author= Dirk Merkel<br /> |date= 10 January 2012<br /> |publisher= JavaWorld<br /> |accessdate = 2012-08-03<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Every node in the Bitcoin network collects all the unacknowledged transactions it knows of in a file called a ''block'', which also contains a reference to the previous valid block known to that node. It then appends a [[nonce]] value to this previous block and computes the SHA-256 cryptographic hash of the block and the appended nonce value. The node repeats this process until it adds a nonce that allows for the generation of a hash with a value lower than a specified ''target''. Because computers cannot practically reverse the hash function, finding such a nonce is hard and requires on average a predictable amount of repetitious trial and error. This is where the ''[[proof-of-work]]'' concept comes in to play. When a node finds such a solution, it announces it to the rest of the network. Peers receiving the new solved block validate it by computing the hash and checking that it really starts with the given number of zero bits (i.e., that the hash is within the target). Then they accept it and add it to the chain.<br /> <br /> ===Mining rewards===<br /> In addition to receiving the pending transactions confirmed in the block, a generating node adds a ''generate'' transaction, which awards new Bitcoins to the operator of the node that generated the block. The system sets the payout of this generated transaction according to its defined inflation schedule. The miner that generates a block also receives the fees that users have paid as an incentive to give particular transactions priority for faster confirmation.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bitcoinmining.com Bitcoin Mining]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The network never creates more than a 50 BTC reward per block and this amount will decrease over time towards zero, such that no more than 21 million BTC will ever exist.&lt;ref name=&quot;lwn&quot; /&gt; As this payout decreases, the incentive for users to run block-generating nodes is intended to change to earning [[#Transaction fees|transaction fees]].<br /> <br /> ===Mining pools===<br /> {{main|Pooled mining}}<br /> <br /> Bitcoin users often pool computational effort to increase the stability of the collected fees and subsidy they receive.&lt;ref name=&quot;We Use Coins Mining&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=About Bitcoin Mining|url=https://www.weusecoins.com/en/mining-guide/|publisher=We Use Coins|accessdate=27 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mining difficulty===<br /> {{main|Difficulty}}<br /> <br /> In order to throttle the creation of blocks, the difficulty of generating new blocks is adjusted over time. If mining output increases or decreases, the difficulty increases or decreases accordingly.<br /> <br /> The adjustment is done by changing the threshold that a hash is required to be less than. A lower threshold means fewer possible hashes can be accepted, and thus a higher degree of difficulty. The target rate of block generation is one block every 10 minutes, or 2016 blocks every two weeks. Bitcoin changes the difficulty of finding a valid block every 2016 blocks, using the difficulty that would have been most likely to cause the prior 2016 blocks to have taken two weeks to generate, according to the timestamps on the blocks. Technically, this is done by modeling the generation of Bitcoins as Poisson process. All nodes perform and enforce the same difficulty calculation.<br /> <br /> Difficulty is intended as an automatic stabilizer allowing mining for Bitcoins to remain profitable in the long run for the most efficient miners, independently of the fluctuations in demand of Bitcoin in relation to other currencies.<br /> <br /> ===Mining hardware===<br /> {{main|Mining Hardware Comparison}}<br /> <br /> Bitcoins used to be mined through Intel/AMD CPUs. {{As of | 2012}}, mining has gradually moved to [[GPU]] and [[FPGA]] hardware.&lt;ref name=&quot;bitcoinmag-butterfly&quot; /&gt; [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]-based hardware for Bitcoin mining has been announced by several manufacturers who intend to ship products from late 2012 to early 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;bitcoinmag-butterfly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitpay Breaks Daily Volume Record with Butterfly ASIC mining release|url=http://bitcoinmagazine.net/bitpay-breaks-daily-volume-record-with-butterfly-asic-mining-release/|publisher=Bitcoin Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Concerns==<br /> <br /> ===As an investment===<br /> Bitcoin describes itself as an experimental digital currency. Reuben Grinberg has noted that Bitcoin's supporters have argued that Bitcoin is neither a security or an investment because it fails to meet the criteria for either category.&lt;ref name=&quot;grinberg&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 | title=Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency | publisher=SSRN | date=9 December 2011 | accessdate=4 December 2012 | author=Grinberg, Reuben}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although it is a virtual currency, some people see it as an investment&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/45030812/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Biting_on_Bitcoins | title=The Pros And Cons Of Biting on Bitcoins | publisher=CNBC | date=23 November 2011 | accessdate=4 December 2012 | author=Gustke, Constance}}&lt;/ref&gt; or accuse it of being a form of investment fraud known as a Ponzi scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/08/bitcoin_under_attack/ |title=US senators draw a bead on Bitcoin |last1=Chirgwin |first1=Richard |date=8 June 2011 |publisher=The Register |accessdate=14 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/04/01/uk-traders-bitcoin-idUKBRE8300JL20120401 |title=Bitcoin, the City traders' anarchic new toy |last1=O'Leary |first1=Naomi |date=2 April 2012 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=14 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report by the European Central Bank, using the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's definition of a Ponzi scheme, found that the use of bitcoins shares some characteristics with Ponzi schemes, but also has characteristics of its own which contradict several common aspects of Ponzi schemes.&lt;ref name=&quot;ecbreport&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf | title=Virtual Currency Schemes | publisher=European Central Bank | date=October 2012 | accessdate=4 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Privacy===<br /> Because transactions are broadcast to the entire network, they are inherently public. Unlike regular banking,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/0<br /> |title= Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash<br /> |publisher= IEEE.org<br /> |date= June 2012<br /> |accessdate = 2012-06-05<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; which preserves customer privacy by keeping transaction records private, loose transactional privacy is accomplished in Bitcoin by using many unique addresses for every wallet, while at the same time publishing all transactions. As an example, if Alice sends 123.45 BTC to Bob, the network creates a public record that allows anyone to see that 123.45 has been sent from one address to another. However, unless Alice or Bob make their ownership of these addresses known, it is difficult for anyone else to connect the transaction with them. However, if someone connects an address to a user at any point they could follow back a series of transactions as each participant likely knows who paid them and may disclose that information on request or under duress.<br /> <br /> It can be difficult to associate Bitcoin identities with real-life identities.&lt;ref name=&quot;An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System&quot;&gt;Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan (24 July 2011). [https://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System]. An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System.&lt;/ref&gt; This property makes Bitcoin transactions attractive to sellers of illegal products.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;Andy Greenberg (20 April 2011). [http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0509/technology-psilocybin-bitcoins-gavin-andresen-crypto-currency.html Crypto Currency]. Forbes Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last= Madrigal<br /> |first= Alexis<br /> |title= Libertarian Dream? A Site Where You Buy Drugs With Digital Dollars<br /> |publisher= The Atlantic Monthly<br /> |date= 2011-06-01<br /> |url= https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/06/libertarian-dream-a-site-where-you-buy-drugs-with-digital-dollars/239776/<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-05<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Illicit use===<br /> <br /> ====Cracking====<br /> The cracking organization &quot;LulzSec&quot; accepted donations in Bitcoin, having said that the group &quot;needs Bitcoin donations to continue their hacking efforts&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNET&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last= Reisinger<br /> |first= Don<br /> |url= https://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-20070268-17/senators-target-bitcoin-currency-citing-drug-sales/<br /> |title= Senators target Bitcoin currency, citing drug sales &amp;#124; The Digital Home – CNET News<br /> |publisher= News.cnet.com<br /> |date= 2011-06-09<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |last= Olson<br /> |first= Parmy<br /> |url= http://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/06/06/lulzsec-hackers-posts-sony-dev-source-code-get-7k-donation/<br /> |title= LulzSec Hackers Post Sony Dev. Source Code, Get $7K Donation – Parmy Olson – Disruptors – Forbes<br /> |publisher= Blogs.forbes.com<br /> |date= 6 June 2011<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Silk Road====<br /> [[Silk Road]] is an anonymous black market that uses only the Bitcoin.&lt;ref name=&quot;npr-06-12-11&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |url= https://www.npr.org/2011/06/12/137138008/silk-road-not-your-fathers-amazon-com<br /> |date= 12 June 2011<br /> |newspaper= NPR<br /> |title= Silk Road: Not Your Father's Amazon.com<br /> |author= Staff<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In a 2011 letter to Attorney General Eric Holder and the Drug Enforcement Administration, senators Charles Schumer of New York and Joe Manchin of West Virginia called for an investigation into Silk Road and the Bitcoin.&lt;ref name=&quot;npr-06-12-11&quot;/&gt;<br /> Schumer described the use of Bitcoins at Silk Road as a form of money laundering.&lt;ref name=&quot;ars-06-08-11&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Botnet mining====<br /> In June 2011, Symantec warned about the possibility of botnets engaging in covert &quot;mining&quot; of Bitcoins,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Updated: 17 June 2011 | Translations available: 日本語 |url=http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/bitcoin-botnet-mining |title=Bitcoin Botnet Mining &amp;#124; Symantec Connect Community |publisher=Symantec.com |date=2011-06-17 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/researchers-find-malware-rigged-with-bitcoin-miner/8934 |title=Researchers find malware rigged with Bitcoin miner |publisher=ZDNet |date=2011-06-29 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; consuming computing cycles, using extra electricity and possibly increasing the temperature of the computer (not associated with [http://snowafter.com Snow Day Calculator]). Later that month, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation caught an employee using the company's servers to generate Bitcoins without permission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenextweb.com/au/2011/06/23/abc-employee-caught-mining-for-bitcoins-on-company-servers/ |title=ABC employee caught mining for Bitcoins on company servers |publisher=The Next Web |date=2011-06-23 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some malware also uses the parallel processing capabilities of the GPUs built into many modern-day video cards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/08/16/gpu_bitcoin_brute_forcing/ |title=Malware mints virtual currency using victim's GPU |date=16 August 2011&lt;!-- 20:00 GMT --&gt;|first=Dan |last=Goodin }}&lt;/ref&gt; In mid August 2011, Bitcoin miner botnets were found;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/20211/researcher-discovers-distributed-bitcoin-cracking-trojan-malware/ |title=Infosecurity – Researcher discovers distributed bitcoin cracking trojan malware |publisher=Infosecurity-magazine.com |date=2011-08-19 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; trojans infecting Mac OS X have also been uncovered.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.techworld.com.au/article/405849/mac_os_x_trojan_steals_processing_power_produce_bitcoins |title=Mac OS X Trojan steals processing power to produce Bitcoins – sophos, security, malware, Intego – Vulnerabilities – Security |publisher=Techworld |date=2011-11-01 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Theft and fraud===<br /> On 19 June 2011, a security breach of the Mt.Gox (an acronym for ''M''agic: ''T''he ''G''athering ''O''nline E''x''change, its original purpose) Bitcoin Exchange caused the price of a Bitcoin to briefly drop to US$0.01 on the Mt.Gox exchange (though it remained unaffected on other exchanges) after a hacker allegedly used credentials from a Mt.Gox auditor's compromised computer to illegally transfer a large number of Bitcoins to him- or herself and sell them all, creating a massive &quot;ask&quot; order at any price. Within minutes the price rebounded to over $15 before Mt.Gox shut down their exchange and canceled all trades that happened during the hacking period.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mtgox.com/press_release_20110630.html Clarification of Mt Gox Compromised Accounts and Major Bitcoin Sell-Off]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1X6qQt9ONg YouTube. Bitcoin Report]&lt;/ref&gt; The exchange rate of Bitcoins quickly returned to near pre-crash values.&lt;ref name=&quot;mick&quot;&gt;Jason Mick, 19 June 2011, [http://www.dailytech.com/Inside+the+MegaHack+of+Bitcoin+the+Full+Story/article21942.htm Inside the Mega-Hack of Bitcoin: the Full Story], DailyTech&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Timothy B. Lee, 19 June 2011, [https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-price-plummets-on-compromised-exchange.ars Bitcoin prices plummet on hacked exchange], Ars Technica&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mark Karpeles, 20 June 2011, [https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20208066-huge-bitcoin-sell-off-due-to-a-compromised-account-rollback Huge Bitcoin sell off due to a compromised account – rollback], Mt.Gox Support&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;register1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news<br /> |title= Bitcoin collapses on malicious trade – Mt Gox scrambling to raise the Titanic<br /> |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/19/bitcoin_values_collapse_again/<br /> |date= 2011-06-19<br /> |author= Chirgwin, Richard<br /> |publisher= The Register<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Accounts with the equivalent of more than USD 8,750,000 were affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;mick&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2011, The operator of Bitomat, the third largest Bitcoin exchange, announced that he lost access to his wallet.dat file with about 17,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 220,000 USD at that time). He announced that he would sell the service for the missing amount, aiming to use funds from the sale to refund his customers.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siliconangle.com/blog/2011/08/01/third-largest-bitcoin-exchange-bitomat-lost-their-wallet-over-17000-bitcoins-missing/ Third Largest Bitcoin Exchange Bitomat Lost Their Wallet, Over 17,000 Bitcoins Missing]. SiliconAngle&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2011, MyBitcoin, one of popular Bitcoin transaction processors, declared that it was hacked, which resulted in it being shut down, with paying 49% on customer deposits, leaving more than 78,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 800,000 USD at that time) unaccounted for.&lt;ref&gt;[http://betabeat.com/2011/08/mybitcoin-spokesman-finally-comes-forward-what-did-you-think-we-did-after-the-hack-we-got-shitfaced/ MyBitcoin Spokesman Finally Comes Forward: “What Did You Think We Did After the Hack? We Got Shitfaced”]. BetaBeat&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://betabeat.com/2011/08/search-for-owners-of-mybitcoin-loses-steam/ Search for Owners of MyBitcoin Loses Steam]. BetaBeat&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In early August 2012, a lawsuit was filed in San Francisco court against Bitcoinica, claiming about 460,000 USD from the company. Bitcoinica was hacked twice in 2012, which led to allegations of neglecting the safety of customers' money and cheating them out of withdrawal requests.&lt;ref&gt;[https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/08/bitcoinica-users-sue-for-460k-in-lost-bitcoins/ Bitcoinica users sue for $460k in lost Bitcoins]. Arstechnica&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/first-bitcoin-lawsuit-filed-in-san-francisco First Bitcoin Lawsuit Filed In San Francisco]. IEEE Spectrum&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In late August 2012, Bitcoin Savings and Trust was shut down by the owner, allegedly leaving around $5.6 million in debts; this led to allegations of the operation being a Ponzi scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitcoin ponzi scheme – investors lose $5 million USD in online hedge fund|url=https://rt.com/usa/news/investors-currency-digital-fund-868/|publisher=RT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Adrianne|title=Suspected multi-million dollar Bitcoin pyramid scheme shuts down, investors revolt|url=http://www.theverge.com/2012/8/27/3271637/bitcoin-savings-trust-pyramid-scheme-shuts-down|publisher=The Verge}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mick|first=Jason|title=&quot;Pirateat40&quot; Makes Off $5.6M USD in BitCoins From Pyramid Scheme|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Pirateat40+Makes+Off+56M+USD+in+BitCoins+From+Pyramid+Scheme/article25538.htm|publisher=DailyTech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://pandodaily.com/2012/08/31/bitcoin-how-a-virtual-currency-became-real-with-a-5-6m-fraud/ Bitcoin: How a Virtual Currency Became Real with a $5.6M Fraud]. PandoDaily&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, it was reported that U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has started an investigation on the case.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/willardfoxton2/100007836/bitcoin-pirate-scandal-sec-steps-in-amid-allegations-that-the-whole-thing-was-a-ponzi-scheme/ Bitcoin 'Pirate' scandal: SEC steps in amid allegations that the whole thing was a Ponzi scheme ]. The Telegraph&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2012, Bitfloor Bitcoin exchange also reported being hacked, with 24,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 250,000 USD) stolen. As a result, Bitfloor suspended operations.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19486695 Bitcoin theft causes Bitfloor exchange to go offline]. BBC&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theverge.com/2012/9/5/3293375/bitfloor-bitcoin-exchange-suspended-theft Bitcoin exchange BitFloor suspends operations after $250,000 theft Bitcoin exchange BitFloor suspends operations after $250,000 theft]. The Verge&lt;/ref&gt; The same month, Bitfloor resumed operations, with its founder saying that he reported the theft to FBI, and that he is planning to repay the victims, though the time frame for such repayment is unclear.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pcworld.com/article/2010586/bitcoin-exchange-back-online-after-hack.html?tk=rel_news Bitcoin exchange back online after hack]. PCWorld&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Taxation===<br /> In September 2012, the Intra-European Organization of Tax Administrations (IOTA), in Tbilisi, Georgia, held a workshop titled &quot;Auditing Individuals and Legal Entities in the Use of e-Money.&quot; The workshop was attended by representatives from 23 countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jerry Taylor, IOTA's technical taxation expert, said, &quot;There's an awful lot happening on the Internet environment which is fascinating at the moment and introducing new challenges for auditors when it comes to virtual currency.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitcoin was mentioned during the workshop.&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Matthew Elias, founder of the [[Cryptocurrency Legal Advocacy Group]] (CLAG) published &quot;Staying Between the Lines: A Survey of U.S. Income Taxation and its Ramifications on Cryptocurrencies&quot;, which discusses &quot;the taxability of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; CLAG &quot;stressed the importance for taxpayers to determine on their own whether taxes are due on a bitcoin-related transaction based on whether one has &quot;experienced a realization event.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such examples are &quot;when a taxpayer has provided a service in exchange for bitcoins, a realization event has probably occurred, and any gain or loss would likely be calculated using fair market values for the service provided.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Peter Vessenes]], [[Bitcoin Foundation|Bitcoin Foundation's]] executive director, said, since the foundation is trying to pay for everything in bitcoin, including salaries, &quot;How do we W-2 someone for their bitcoins? Do we mark-to-market every time a transfer happens? Payroll companies cringe.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Bitcoin Foundation hopes &quot;to push for solid guidance about its legal and tax treatment.&quot; [[Patrick Murck]], legal counsel for the Bitcoin Foundation, said he would like &quot;to help regulators understand the technology better so they can make better decisions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Murck said, &quot;Bitcoin has the potential to become much more than a niche currency, but it needs the guidance and understanding of regulators.&quot; and &quot;The full potential of bitcoin could be realized through clearer guidelines and a better understanding by financial and tax regulators.&quot; and &quot;Part of making that happen is to talk to regulators, the IRS, and tax professionals and helping them understand that bitcoin is not this nefarious thing, it's just software, it's a community, and there's nothing inherently nefarious about either of those things.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Introduction]]<br /> * [[Getting started]]<br /> * [[Using_Bitcoin|Detailed tutorial]]<br /> * [[FAQ]]<br /> * [https://www.weusecoins.com What Is Bitcoin?]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoinmining.com What Is Bitcoin Mining?]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Digital currencies]]<br /> {{wp}}{{p-move}}{{good}}<br /> [[es:Bitcoin]][[de:Bitcoin]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin&diff=64688 2017-12-30T17:47:12Z

<p>Nullius: Upgrade 36/73 http links → https. Needs more work/verification on the others.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bitcoin''' is a decentralized [[digital currency]] created by developer [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. It does not rely on a central server to process transactions or store funds. There are a maximum of 2,099,999,997,690,000 Bitcoin elements (called satoshis), which are currently most commonly measured in units of 100,000,000 known as BTC. Stated another way, no more than 21 million BTC can ever be created.<br /> <br /> {{As of|April 2014}}, it is the most widely used alternative currency,&lt;ref name=&quot;Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph|url=https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf|publisher=Cryptology ePrint Archive|accessdate=18 October 2012|author=Ron Dorit|coauthors=Adi Shamir|page=17|quote=The Bitcoin system is the best known and most widely used alternative payment scheme,...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mt.Gox data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mt.Gox data|url=https://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD.html|publisher=Bitcoincharts}}&lt;/ref&gt; now with the total market cap over 6 billion US dollars&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Market Capitalization|url=https://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap|publisher= [[BlockChain.info]] |accessdate=21 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> Bitcoin has no central issuer; instead, the peer-to-peer network regulates Bitcoins, transactions and issuance according to consensus in network software.<br /> Bitcoins are issued to various nodes that verify transactions through computing power;<br /> it is established that there will be a limited and scheduled release of no more than 21 million BTC worth of coins, which will be fully issued by the year 2140.<br /> <br /> Internationally, Bitcoins can be exchanged and managed through various websites and [[software]] along with physical banknotes and coins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Physical Bitcoins by Casascius|url=https://www.casascius.com/|publisher=Casascius Coins|accessdate=29 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitbills|url=http://www.bitbills.com/|publisher=Bitbills|accessdate=29 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{main|History}}<br /> <br /> A cryptographic system for untraceable payments was first described by David Chaum in 1982.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.koehntopp.de/uploads/Chaum.BlindSigForPayment.1982.PDF David Chaum, Blind signatures for untraceable payments], Advances in Cryptology - Crypto '82, Springer-Verlag (1983), 199–203.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1990 Chaum extended this system to create the first cryptographic anonymous electronic cash system.,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|last1=Chaum|first1=David|last2=Fiat|first2=Amos|last3=Naor|first3=Moni|title=Untraceable Electronic Cash|url=http://blog.koehntopp.de/uploads/chaum_fiat_naor_ecash.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; which became known as ecash.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.12/emoney.html|publisher=Wired|title=E-Money (That's What I Want)|date=1994–2012|author=Steven Levy}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1998 [[Wei Dai]] published a description of an anonymous, distributed electronic cash system which he called &quot;b-money&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=B-Money|url=http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt|author=Wei Dai|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around the same time, Nick Szabo created ''bit gold''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/0|title=Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists’ Answer to Cash|publisher=IEEE Spectrum|quote=Around the same time, Nick Szabo, a computer scientist who now blogs about law and the history of money, was one of the first to imagine a new digital currency from the ground up. Although many consider his scheme, which he calls “bit gold,” to be a precursor to Bitcoin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bitgold&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bit gold|url=https://unenumerated.blogspot.co.uk/2005/12/bit-gold.html|author=Nick Szabo|quote=My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously &quot;client puzzle function,&quot; &quot;proof of work function,&quot; or &quot;secure benchmark function.&quot;. The resulting string of bits is the proof of work.... The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like Bitcoin, ''Bit gold'' was a currency system where users would compete to solve a [[proof of work]] function, with solutions being cryptographically chained together and published via a distributed property title registry. A variant of ''Bit gold'', called ''Reusable Proofs of Work'', was implemented by Hal Finney.&lt;ref name=&quot;bitgold&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto published a [[Bitcoin_white_paper|paper]]&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last= Nakamoto<br /> |first= Satoshi<br /> |title= Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System<br /> |url= http://www.cs.kent.edu/~JAVED/class-P2P12F/papers-2012/PAPER2012-p2p-bitcoin-satoshinakamoto.pdf<br /> |accessdate = 14 December 2010<br /> |date= 24 May 2009<br /> |postscript=<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/<br /> |title= Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; on The Cryptography Mailing list at metzdowd.com&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22 Satoshi's posts to Cryptography mailing list]&lt;/ref&gt; describing the Bitcoin protocol.<br /> <br /> The Bitcoin network came into existence on 3 January 2009 with the release of the first Bitcoin client, [[wxBitcoin]], and the issuance of the first Bitcoins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Block 0 – Bitcoin Block Explorer |url=https://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html |title=Bitcoin v0.1 released}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/news/?group_id=244765 |title=SourceForge.net: Bitcoin}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> A year after, the initial exchange rates for Bitcoin were set by individuals on the bitcointalk forums.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} The most significant transaction involved a 10,000 BTC pizza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin|url=https://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/|publisher=Wired|accessdate=13 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Today, the majority of Bitcoin exchanges occur on the [[Bitstamp]] Bitcoin exchange.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Exchange volume distribution | work = by market | publisher = [[Bitcoin Charts]] | date = April 15, 2014 | url = https://bitcoincharts.com/charts/volumepie/ | accessdate = 2014-04-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, Wikileaks,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |last= Greenberg<br /> |first= Andy<br /> |url= http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/06/14/wikileaks-asks-for-anonymous-bitcoin-donations/<br /> |title= WikiLeaks Asks For Anonymous Bitcoin Donations – Andy Greenberg – The Firewall – Forbes<br /> |publisher= Blogs.forbes.com<br /> |date= 2011-06-14<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Freenet]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://freenetproject.org/donate.html<br /> |title= /donate<br /> |publisher= The Freenet Project<br /> |date=<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Singularity Institute,&lt;ref&gt;[http://singinst.org/donate/ SIAI donation page]&lt;/ref&gt; Internet Archive,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.archive.org/donate/index.php Internet Archive donation page]&lt;/ref&gt; Free Software Foundation&lt;ref&gt;[https://my.fsf.org/donate/other/ Other ways to donate]&lt;/ref&gt; and others, began to accept donations in Bitcoin. The Electronic Frontier Foundation did so for a while but has since stopped, citing concerns about a lack of legal precedent about new currency systems, and because they &quot;generally don't endorse any type of product or service.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/06/eff-and-bitcoin<br /> |title= EFF and Bitcoin &amp;#124; Electronic Frontier Foundation<br /> |publisher= Eff.org<br /> |date= 2011-06-14<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some small businesses had started to adopt Bitcoin. LaCie, a public company, accepts Bitcoin for its Wuala service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wuala.com/en/bitcoin |title=Secure Online Storage – Backup. Sync. Share. Access Everywhere |publisher=Wuala |date= |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2012, BitPay reports of having over 1000 merchants accepting Bitcoin under its payment processing service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BitPay Signs 1,000 Merchants to Accept Bitcoin Payments|url=http://www.americanbanker.com/issues/177_176/bitpay-signs-1000-merchants-to-accept-bitcoin-payments-1052538-1.html|publisher=American Banker|accessdate=12 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> Bitcoin is administered through a decentralized peer-to-peer network.&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot;/&gt; Cryptographic technologies and the peer-to-peer network of computing power enables users to make and verify irreversible, instant online Bitcoin payments, without an obligation to trust and use centralized banking institutions and authorities. Dispute resolution services are not made directly available. Instead it is left to the users to verify and trust the parties they are sending money to through their choice of methods. <br /> <br /> Bitcoins are issued according to rules agreed to by the majority of the computing power within the Bitcoin network. The core rules describing the predictable issuance of Bitcoins to its verifying servers, a voluntary and competitive transaction fee system and the hard limit of no more than 21 million BTC issued in total.&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Bitcoin does not require a central bank, State,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/3<br /> |title= Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash<br /> |publisher= IEEE.org<br /> |date= June 2012<br /> |accessdate = 2012-06-05<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; or incorporated backers.<br /> <br /> ==Services==<br /> {{main|Wallet}}<br /> <br /> Bitcoins are sent and received through software and websites called wallets. They send and confirm transactions to the network through Bitcoin addresses, the identifiers for users' Bitcoin wallets within the network.&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bitcoin addresses===<br /> {{main|Address}}<br /> <br /> Payments are made to Bitcoin &quot;addresses&quot;: human-readable strings of numbers and letters around 33 characters in length, always beginning with the digit 1 or 3, as in the example of ''31uEbMgunupShBVTewXjtqbBv5MndwfXhb''.<br /> <br /> Users obtain new Bitcoin addresses from their Bitcoin software. Creating a new address can be a completely offline process and require no communication with the Bitcoin network. Web services often generate a new Bitcoin address for every user, allowing them to have their custom deposit addresses.{{dubious}}<br /> <br /> ===Transaction fees===<br /> {{main|Transaction fees}}<br /> Transaction fees may be included with any transfer of Bitcoins. While it's technically possible to send a transaction with zero fee, {{as of|2017}} it's highly unlikely that one of these transactions confirms in a realistic amount of time, causing most nodes on the network to drop it. For transactions which consume or produce many outputs (and therefore have a large data size), higher transaction fees are usually expected.<br /> <br /> ===Confirmations===<br /> {{main|Confirmation}}<br /> <br /> The network's software confirms a transaction when it records it in a block. Further blocks of transactions confirm it even further. After six confirmations/blocks, a transaction is confirmed beyond reasonable doubt.<br /> <br /> The network must store the whole transaction history inside the blockchain, which grows constantly as new records are added and never removed. Nakamoto conceived that as the database became larger, users would desire applications for Bitcoin that didn't store the entire database on their computer. To enable this, the blockchain uses a [[merkle tree]] to organize the transaction records in such a way that client software can locally delete portions of its own database it knows it will never need, such as earlier transaction records of Bitcoins that have changed ownership multiple times.<br /> <br /> ==Economics==<br /> <br /> ===Initial distribution===<br /> <br /> Bitcoin has no centralized issuing authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;ars-06-08-11&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |first= Thomas<br /> |last= Lowenthal<br /> |title= Bitcoin: inside the encrypted, peer-to-peer digital currency<br /> |newspaper= Ars Technica<br /> |date= 8 June 2011<br /> |url= https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-inside-the-encrypted-peer-to-peer-currency.ars<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |author= Sponsored by<br /> |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency<br /> |title= Virtual currency: Bits and bob<br /> |publisher= The Economist<br /> |date=<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last= Geere<br /> |first= Duncan<br /> |url= https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-05/16/bitcoin-p2p-currency<br /> |title= Peer-to-peer currency Bitcoin sidesteps financial institutions (Wired UK)<br /> |publisher= Wired.co.uk<br /> |date=<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The network is programmed to increase the money supply as a geometric series until the total number of Bitcoins reaches 21 million BTC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph&quot;/&gt; {{As of|2012|10}} slightly over 10 million of the total 21 million BTC had been created; the current total number created is available online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title= Total Number of Bitcoins in Existence<br /> |url= https://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc<br /> |work= Bitcoin Block Explorer<br /> |accessdate = 2012-10-03<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2013 half of the total supply will have been generated, and by 2017, three-quarters will have been generated. To ensure sufficient granularity of the [[money supply]], clients can divide each BTC unit down to eight decimal places (a total of 2.1&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; or 2.1 quadrillion units).&lt;ref name=&quot;lwn&quot;&gt;{{Cite news<br /> |author= Nathan Willis<br /> |date= 2010-11-10<br /> |title= Bitcoin: Virtual money created by CPU cycles<br /> |publisher= LWN.net<br /> |url= https://lwn.net/Articles/414452/<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The network {{As of|2012|lc=on}} required over one million times more work for confirming a block and receiving an award (25 BTC {{As of|2012|2|lc=on}}) than when the first blocks were confirmed.<br /> The difficulty is automatically adjusted every 2016 blocks based on the time taken to find the previous 2016 blocks such that one block is created roughly every 10 minutes.<br /> <br /> Those who chose to put computational and electrical resources toward mining early on had a greater chance at receiving awards for block generations. This served to make available enough processing power to process blocks. Indeed, without miners there are no transactions and the Bitcoin economy comes to a halt.<br /> <br /> ===Exchange rate===<br /> Prices fluctuate relative to goods and services more than more widely accepted currencies;<br /> the price of a Bitcoin is not static.<br /> <br /> In August 2012, 1 BTC traded at around $10.00 USD. Taking into account the total number of Bitcoins mined, the monetary base of the Bitcoin network stands at over 110 million USD.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/ http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/] Bitcoin statistics&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Anonymity ==&lt;!--Please keep as starting template--&gt;<br /> {{main|Anonymity &amp; Security}}<br /> <br /> === Transactions ===<br /> <br /> While using bitcoins is an excellent way to make your purchases, donations, and p2p payments, without losing money through inflated transaction fees, transactions are never truly anonymous. Buying Bitcoin you pass identification, Bitcoin transactions are stored publicly and permanently on the network, which means anyone can see the balance and transactions of any Bitcoin address. Bitcoin activities are recorded and available publicly via the [[blockchain]], a comprehensive database which keeps a record of bitcoin transactions.<br /> <br /> === Buying/selling bitcoins ===<br /> <br /> All exchanges require the user to scan ID documents, and large transactions must be reported to the proper governmental authority. When you use Bitcoin to pay for goods and services, you will of course need to provide your name and address to the seller for delivery purposes.<br /> <br /> This means that a third party with an interest in tracking your activities can use your visible balance and ID information as a basis from which to track your future transactions or to study previous activity. In short, you have compromised your [[security]] and [[privacy]].<br /> <br /> In addition to conventional exchanges like Bitstamp, Bitfinex, Kraken and Coinable there are also Peer to peer exchanges like localbitcoins and Paxful. Peer to peer exchanges will often not collect KYC and identity information directly from users, instead they let the users handle KYC amongst themselves. These can often be a better alternative for those looking to purchase bitcoin quickly and without KYC delay.<br /> <br /> === Mixing services ===<br /> <br /> [http://anonymity.co.in/mixing_services.html Mixing services] are used to avoid compromising of privacy and security. Mixing services provide to periodically exchange your bitcoins for different ones which cannot be associated with the original owner.<br /> <br /> == Security ==&lt;!--Please keep as starting template--&gt;<br /> {{seealso|Weaknesses}}<br /> <br /> In the history of bitcoin, there have been a few [[incidents]], caused by problematic as well as malicious transactions. In the worst such incident, and the only one of its type, a person was able to pretend that he had a practically infinite supply of bitcoins, for almost 9 hours.<br /> <br /> Bitcoin relies, among other things, on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography public key cryptography] and thus may be vulnerable to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_cryptography#Quantum_computing_attacks quantum computing attacks] if and when practical quantum computers can be constructed.<br /> <br /> If multiple different software packages, whose usage becomes widespread on the Bitcoin network, disagree on the protocol and the rules for transactions, this could potentially cause a fork in the block chain, with each faction of users being able to accept only their own version of the history of transactions. This could influence the price of bitcoins.<br /> <br /> A global, organized campaign against the currency or the software could also influence the demand for bitcoins, and thus the exchange price.<br /> <br /> ==Bitcoin mining==<br /> {{main|Mining}}<br /> <br /> Bitcoin mining nodes are responsible for managing the Bitcoin network.<br /> <br /> Bitcoins are awarded to Bitcoin nodes known as &quot;miners&quot; for the solution to a difficult [[proof-of-work]] problem which confirms transactions and prevents double-spending. This incentive, as the Nakamoto white paper describes it, encourages &quot;nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since no central authority issues them.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Nakamoto compared the generation of new coins by expending CPU time and electricity to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation.&lt;ref name=&quot;whitepaper&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Node operation===<br /> <br /> The node software for the Bitcoin network is based on peer-to-peer networking, digital signatures and cryptographic proof to make and verify transactions. Nodes broadcast transactions to the network, which records them in a public record of all transactions, called the ''blockchain'', after validating them with a [[proof-of-work|proof-of-work system]].<br /> <br /> Satoshi Nakamoto designed the first Bitcoin node and mining software&lt;ref name=&quot;processors&quot;&gt;{{Cite news<br /> |last= Davis<br /> |first= Joshua<br /> |title= The Crypto-Currency<br /> |url= https://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/all<br /> |accessdate = 11 November 2011<br /> |newspaper= Wired Magazine<br /> |date= 10 November 2011<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; and developed the majority of the first implementation, Bitcoind, from 2007 to mid-2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;code_start&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=13.msg46#msg46<br /> |title= Questions about Bitcoin<br /> |publisher= Bitcoin forum<br /> |date= 2009-12-10<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Node implementations include core software such as Bitcoind/Bitcoin-Qt, [[libbitcoin]], [[cbitcoin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=cbitcoin|url=https://github.com/MatthewLM/cbitcoin|accessdate=3 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[BitCoinJ|bitcoinj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://news.slashdot.org/story/11/03/23/0210207/Google-Engineer-Releases-Open-Source-Bitcoin-Client<br /> |title= Google Engineer Releases Open Source Bitcoin Client<br /> |author= angry tapir, timothy<br /> |date= 23 March 2011<br /> |publisher= Slashdot<br /> |accessdate = 2011-05-18<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-2012/120110-bitcoin-for-beginners-3.html?page=1<br /> |title= Bitcoin for beginners: The BitcoinJ API<br /> |author= Dirk Merkel<br /> |date= 10 January 2012<br /> |publisher= JavaWorld<br /> |accessdate = 2012-08-03<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Every node in the Bitcoin network collects all the unacknowledged transactions it knows of in a file called a ''block'', which also contains a reference to the previous valid block known to that node. It then appends a [[nonce]] value to this previous block and computes the SHA-256 cryptographic hash of the block and the appended nonce value. The node repeats this process until it adds a nonce that allows for the generation of a hash with a value lower than a specified ''target''. Because computers cannot practically reverse the hash function, finding such a nonce is hard and requires on average a predictable amount of repetitious trial and error. This is where the ''[[proof-of-work]]'' concept comes in to play. When a node finds such a solution, it announces it to the rest of the network. Peers receiving the new solved block validate it by computing the hash and checking that it really starts with the given number of zero bits (i.e., that the hash is within the target). Then they accept it and add it to the chain.<br /> <br /> ===Mining rewards===<br /> In addition to receiving the pending transactions confirmed in the block, a generating node adds a ''generate'' transaction, which awards new Bitcoins to the operator of the node that generated the block. The system sets the payout of this generated transaction according to its defined inflation schedule. The miner that generates a block also receives the fees that users have paid as an incentive to give particular transactions priority for faster confirmation.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bitcoinmining.com Bitcoin Mining]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The network never creates more than a 50 BTC reward per block and this amount will decrease over time towards zero, such that no more than 21 million BTC will ever exist.&lt;ref name=&quot;lwn&quot; /&gt; As this payout decreases, the incentive for users to run block-generating nodes is intended to change to earning [[#Transaction fees|transaction fees]].<br /> <br /> ===Mining pools===<br /> {{main|Pooled mining}}<br /> <br /> Bitcoin users often pool computational effort to increase the stability of the collected fees and subsidy they receive.&lt;ref name=&quot;We Use Coins Mining&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=About Bitcoin Mining|url=https://www.weusecoins.com/en/mining-guide/|publisher=We Use Coins|accessdate=27 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mining difficulty===<br /> {{main|Difficulty}}<br /> <br /> In order to throttle the creation of blocks, the difficulty of generating new blocks is adjusted over time. If mining output increases or decreases, the difficulty increases or decreases accordingly.<br /> <br /> The adjustment is done by changing the threshold that a hash is required to be less than. A lower threshold means fewer possible hashes can be accepted, and thus a higher degree of difficulty. The target rate of block generation is one block every 10 minutes, or 2016 blocks every two weeks. Bitcoin changes the difficulty of finding a valid block every 2016 blocks, using the difficulty that would have been most likely to cause the prior 2016 blocks to have taken two weeks to generate, according to the timestamps on the blocks. Technically, this is done by modeling the generation of Bitcoins as Poisson process. All nodes perform and enforce the same difficulty calculation.<br /> <br /> Difficulty is intended as an automatic stabilizer allowing mining for Bitcoins to remain profitable in the long run for the most efficient miners, independently of the fluctuations in demand of Bitcoin in relation to other currencies.<br /> <br /> ===Mining hardware===<br /> {{main|Mining Hardware Comparison}}<br /> <br /> Bitcoins used to be mined through Intel/AMD CPUs. {{As of | 2012}}, mining has gradually moved to [[GPU]] and [[FPGA]] hardware.&lt;ref name=&quot;bitcoinmag-butterfly&quot; /&gt; [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]-based hardware for Bitcoin mining has been announced by several manufacturers who intend to ship products from late 2012 to early 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;bitcoinmag-butterfly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitpay Breaks Daily Volume Record with Butterfly ASIC mining release|url=http://bitcoinmagazine.net/bitpay-breaks-daily-volume-record-with-butterfly-asic-mining-release/|publisher=Bitcoin Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Concerns==<br /> <br /> ===As an investment===<br /> Bitcoin describes itself as an experimental digital currency. Reuben Grinberg has noted that Bitcoin's supporters have argued that Bitcoin is neither a security or an investment because it fails to meet the criteria for either category.&lt;ref name=&quot;grinberg&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 | title=Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency | publisher=SSRN | date=9 December 2011 | accessdate=4 December 2012 | author=Grinberg, Reuben}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although it is a virtual currency, some people see it as an investment&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/45030812/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Biting_on_Bitcoins | title=The Pros And Cons Of Biting on Bitcoins | publisher=CNBC | date=23 November 2011 | accessdate=4 December 2012 | author=Gustke, Constance}}&lt;/ref&gt; or accuse it of being a form of investment fraud known as a Ponzi scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/08/bitcoin_under_attack/ |title=US senators draw a bead on Bitcoin |last1=Chirgwin |first1=Richard |date=8 June 2011 |publisher=The Register |accessdate=14 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/04/01/uk-traders-bitcoin-idUKBRE8300JL20120401 |title=Bitcoin, the City traders' anarchic new toy |last1=O'Leary |first1=Naomi |date=2 April 2012 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=14 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report by the European Central Bank, using the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's definition of a Ponzi scheme, found that the use of bitcoins shares some characteristics with Ponzi schemes, but also has characteristics of its own which contradict several common aspects of Ponzi schemes.&lt;ref name=&quot;ecbreport&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf | title=Virtual Currency Schemes | publisher=European Central Bank | date=October 2012 | accessdate=4 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Privacy===<br /> Because transactions are broadcast to the entire network, they are inherently public. Unlike regular banking,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/0<br /> |title= Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash<br /> |publisher= IEEE.org<br /> |date= June 2012<br /> |accessdate = 2012-06-05<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; which preserves customer privacy by keeping transaction records private, loose transactional privacy is accomplished in Bitcoin by using many unique addresses for every wallet, while at the same time publishing all transactions. As an example, if Alice sends 123.45 BTC to Bob, the network creates a public record that allows anyone to see that 123.45 has been sent from one address to another. However, unless Alice or Bob make their ownership of these addresses known, it is difficult for anyone else to connect the transaction with them. However, if someone connects an address to a user at any point they could follow back a series of transactions as each participant likely knows who paid them and may disclose that information on request or under duress.<br /> <br /> It can be difficult to associate Bitcoin identities with real-life identities.&lt;ref name=&quot;An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System&quot;&gt;Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan (24 July 2011). [https://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System]. An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System.&lt;/ref&gt; This property makes Bitcoin transactions attractive to sellers of illegal products.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;Andy Greenberg (20 April 2011). [http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0509/technology-psilocybin-bitcoins-gavin-andresen-crypto-currency.html Crypto Currency]. Forbes Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last= Madrigal<br /> |first= Alexis<br /> |title= Libertarian Dream? A Site Where You Buy Drugs With Digital Dollars<br /> |publisher= The Atlantic Monthly<br /> |date= 2011-06-01<br /> |url= https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/06/libertarian-dream-a-site-where-you-buy-drugs-with-digital-dollars/239776/<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-05<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Illicit use===<br /> <br /> ====Cracking====<br /> The cracking organization &quot;LulzSec&quot; accepted donations in Bitcoin, having said that the group &quot;needs Bitcoin donations to continue their hacking efforts&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNET&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last= Reisinger<br /> |first= Don<br /> |url= https://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-20070268-17/senators-target-bitcoin-currency-citing-drug-sales/<br /> |title= Senators target Bitcoin currency, citing drug sales &amp;#124; The Digital Home – CNET News<br /> |publisher= News.cnet.com<br /> |date= 2011-06-09<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |last= Olson<br /> |first= Parmy<br /> |url= http://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/06/06/lulzsec-hackers-posts-sony-dev-source-code-get-7k-donation/<br /> |title= LulzSec Hackers Post Sony Dev. Source Code, Get $7K Donation – Parmy Olson – Disruptors – Forbes<br /> |publisher= Blogs.forbes.com<br /> |date= 6 June 2011<br /> |accessdate = 2011-06-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Silk Road====<br /> [[Silk Road]] is an anonymous black market that uses only the Bitcoin.&lt;ref name=&quot;npr-06-12-11&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |url= https://www.npr.org/2011/06/12/137138008/silk-road-not-your-fathers-amazon-com<br /> |date= 12 June 2011<br /> |newspaper= NPR<br /> |title= Silk Road: Not Your Father's Amazon.com<br /> |author= Staff<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In a 2011 letter to Attorney General Eric Holder and the Drug Enforcement Administration, senators Charles Schumer of New York and Joe Manchin of West Virginia called for an investigation into Silk Road and the Bitcoin.&lt;ref name=&quot;npr-06-12-11&quot;/&gt;<br /> Schumer described the use of Bitcoins at Silk Road as a form of money laundering.&lt;ref name=&quot;ars-06-08-11&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Botnet mining====<br /> In June 2011, Symantec warned about the possibility of botnets engaging in covert &quot;mining&quot; of Bitcoins,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Updated: 17 June 2011 | Translations available: 日本語 |url=http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/bitcoin-botnet-mining |title=Bitcoin Botnet Mining &amp;#124; Symantec Connect Community |publisher=Symantec.com |date=2011-06-17 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/researchers-find-malware-rigged-with-bitcoin-miner/8934 |title=Researchers find malware rigged with Bitcoin miner |publisher=ZDNet |date=2011-06-29 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; consuming computing cycles, using extra electricity and possibly increasing the temperature of the computer (not associated with [http://snowafter.com Snow Day Calculator]). Later that month, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation caught an employee using the company's servers to generate Bitcoins without permission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenextweb.com/au/2011/06/23/abc-employee-caught-mining-for-bitcoins-on-company-servers/ |title=ABC employee caught mining for Bitcoins on company servers |publisher=The Next Web |date=2011-06-23 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some malware also uses the parallel processing capabilities of the GPUs built into many modern-day video cards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/08/16/gpu_bitcoin_brute_forcing/ |title=Malware mints virtual currency using victim's GPU |date=16 August 2011&lt;!-- 20:00 GMT --&gt;|first=Dan |last=Goodin }}&lt;/ref&gt; In mid August 2011, Bitcoin miner botnets were found;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/20211/researcher-discovers-distributed-bitcoin-cracking-trojan-malware/ |title=Infosecurity – Researcher discovers distributed bitcoin cracking trojan malware |publisher=Infosecurity-magazine.com |date=2011-08-19 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; trojans infecting Mac OS X have also been uncovered.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.techworld.com.au/article/405849/mac_os_x_trojan_steals_processing_power_produce_bitcoins |title=Mac OS X Trojan steals processing power to produce Bitcoins – sophos, security, malware, Intego – Vulnerabilities – Security |publisher=Techworld |date=2011-11-01 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Theft and fraud===<br /> On 19 June 2011, a security breach of the Mt.Gox (an acronym for ''M''agic: ''T''he ''G''athering ''O''nline E''x''change, its original purpose) Bitcoin Exchange caused the price of a Bitcoin to briefly drop to US$0.01 on the Mt.Gox exchange (though it remained unaffected on other exchanges) after a hacker allegedly used credentials from a Mt.Gox auditor's compromised computer to illegally transfer a large number of Bitcoins to him- or herself and sell them all, creating a massive &quot;ask&quot; order at any price. Within minutes the price rebounded to over $15 before Mt.Gox shut down their exchange and canceled all trades that happened during the hacking period.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mtgox.com/press_release_20110630.html Clarification of Mt Gox Compromised Accounts and Major Bitcoin Sell-Off]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1X6qQt9ONg YouTube. Bitcoin Report]&lt;/ref&gt; The exchange rate of Bitcoins quickly returned to near pre-crash values.&lt;ref name=&quot;mick&quot;&gt;Jason Mick, 19 June 2011, [http://www.dailytech.com/Inside+the+MegaHack+of+Bitcoin+the+Full+Story/article21942.htm Inside the Mega-Hack of Bitcoin: the Full Story], DailyTech&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Timothy B. Lee, 19 June 2011, [https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-price-plummets-on-compromised-exchange.ars Bitcoin prices plummet on hacked exchange], Ars Technica&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mark Karpeles, 20 June 2011, [https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20208066-huge-bitcoin-sell-off-due-to-a-compromised-account-rollback Huge Bitcoin sell off due to a compromised account – rollback], Mt.Gox Support&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;register1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news<br /> |title= Bitcoin collapses on malicious trade – Mt Gox scrambling to raise the Titanic<br /> |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/19/bitcoin_values_collapse_again/<br /> |date= 2011-06-19<br /> |author= Chirgwin, Richard<br /> |publisher= The Register<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Accounts with the equivalent of more than USD 8,750,000 were affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;mick&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2011, The operator of Bitomat, the third largest Bitcoin exchange, announced that he lost access to his wallet.dat file with about 17,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 220,000 USD at that time). He announced that he would sell the service for the missing amount, aiming to use funds from the sale to refund his customers.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siliconangle.com/blog/2011/08/01/third-largest-bitcoin-exchange-bitomat-lost-their-wallet-over-17000-bitcoins-missing/ Third Largest Bitcoin Exchange Bitomat Lost Their Wallet, Over 17,000 Bitcoins Missing]. SiliconAngle&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2011, MyBitcoin, one of popular Bitcoin transaction processors, declared that it was hacked, which resulted in it being shut down, with paying 49% on customer deposits, leaving more than 78,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 800,000 USD at that time) unaccounted for.&lt;ref&gt;[http://betabeat.com/2011/08/mybitcoin-spokesman-finally-comes-forward-what-did-you-think-we-did-after-the-hack-we-got-shitfaced/ MyBitcoin Spokesman Finally Comes Forward: “What Did You Think We Did After the Hack? We Got Shitfaced”]. BetaBeat&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://betabeat.com/2011/08/search-for-owners-of-mybitcoin-loses-steam/ Search for Owners of MyBitcoin Loses Steam]. BetaBeat&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In early August 2012, a lawsuit was filed in San Francisco court against Bitcoinica, claiming about 460,000 USD from the company. Bitcoinica was hacked twice in 2012, which led to allegations of neglecting the safety of customers' money and cheating them out of withdrawal requests.&lt;ref&gt;[https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/08/bitcoinica-users-sue-for-460k-in-lost-bitcoins/ Bitcoinica users sue for $460k in lost Bitcoins]. Arstechnica&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/first-bitcoin-lawsuit-filed-in-san-francisco First Bitcoin Lawsuit Filed In San Francisco]. IEEE Spectrum&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In late August 2012, Bitcoin Savings and Trust was shut down by the owner, allegedly leaving around $5.6 million in debts; this led to allegations of the operation being a Ponzi scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitcoin ponzi scheme – investors lose $5 million USD in online hedge fund|url=https://rt.com/usa/news/investors-currency-digital-fund-868/|publisher=RT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Adrianne|title=Suspected multi-million dollar Bitcoin pyramid scheme shuts down, investors revolt|url=http://www.theverge.com/2012/8/27/3271637/bitcoin-savings-trust-pyramid-scheme-shuts-down|publisher=The Verge}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mick|first=Jason|title=&quot;Pirateat40&quot; Makes Off $5.6M USD in BitCoins From Pyramid Scheme|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Pirateat40+Makes+Off+56M+USD+in+BitCoins+From+Pyramid+Scheme/article25538.htm|publisher=DailyTech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://pandodaily.com/2012/08/31/bitcoin-how-a-virtual-currency-became-real-with-a-5-6m-fraud/ Bitcoin: How a Virtual Currency Became Real with a $5.6M Fraud]. PandoDaily&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, it was reported that U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has started an investigation on the case.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/willardfoxton2/100007836/bitcoin-pirate-scandal-sec-steps-in-amid-allegations-that-the-whole-thing-was-a-ponzi-scheme/ Bitcoin 'Pirate' scandal: SEC steps in amid allegations that the whole thing was a Ponzi scheme ]. The Telegraph&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2012, Bitfloor Bitcoin exchange also reported being hacked, with 24,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 250,000 USD) stolen. As a result, Bitfloor suspended operations.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19486695 Bitcoin theft causes Bitfloor exchange to go offline]. BBC&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theverge.com/2012/9/5/3293375/bitfloor-bitcoin-exchange-suspended-theft Bitcoin exchange BitFloor suspends operations after $250,000 theft Bitcoin exchange BitFloor suspends operations after $250,000 theft]. The Verge&lt;/ref&gt; The same month, Bitfloor resumed operations, with its founder saying that he reported the theft to FBI, and that he is planning to repay the victims, though the time frame for such repayment is unclear.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pcworld.com/article/2010586/bitcoin-exchange-back-online-after-hack.html?tk=rel_news Bitcoin exchange back online after hack]. PCWorld&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Taxation===<br /> In September 2012, the Intra-European Organization of Tax Administrations (IOTA), in Tbilisi, Georgia, held a workshop titled &quot;Auditing Individuals and Legal Entities in the Use of e-Money.&quot; The workshop was attended by representatives from 23 countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jerry Taylor, IOTA's technical taxation expert, said, &quot;There's an awful lot happening on the Internet environment which is fascinating at the moment and introducing new challenges for auditors when it comes to virtual currency.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitcoin was mentioned during the workshop.&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Matthew Elias, founder of the [[Cryptocurrency Legal Advocacy Group]] (CLAG) published &quot;Staying Between the Lines: A Survey of U.S. Income Taxation and its Ramifications on Cryptocurrencies&quot;, which discusses &quot;the taxability of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; CLAG &quot;stressed the importance for taxpayers to determine on their own whether taxes are due on a bitcoin-related transaction based on whether one has &quot;experienced a realization event.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such examples are &quot;when a taxpayer has provided a service in exchange for bitcoins, a realization event has probably occurred, and any gain or loss would likely be calculated using fair market values for the service provided.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Peter Vessenes]], [[Bitcoin Foundation|Bitcoin Foundation's]] executive director, said, since the foundation is trying to pay for everything in bitcoin, including salaries, &quot;How do we W-2 someone for their bitcoins? Do we mark-to-market every time a transfer happens? Payroll companies cringe.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Bitcoin Foundation hopes &quot;to push for solid guidance about its legal and tax treatment.&quot; [[Patrick Murck]], legal counsel for the Bitcoin Foundation, said he would like &quot;to help regulators understand the technology better so they can make better decisions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Murck said, &quot;Bitcoin has the potential to become much more than a niche currency, but it needs the guidance and understanding of regulators.&quot; and &quot;The full potential of bitcoin could be realized through clearer guidelines and a better understanding by financial and tax regulators.&quot; and &quot;Part of making that happen is to talk to regulators, the IRS, and tax professionals and helping them understand that bitcoin is not this nefarious thing, it's just software, it's a community, and there's nothing inherently nefarious about either of those things.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Introduction]]<br /> * [[Getting started]]<br /> * [[Using_Bitcoin|Detailed tutorial]]<br /> * [[FAQ]]<br /> * [https://www.weusecoins.com What Is Bitcoin?]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoinmining.com What Is Bitcoin Mining?]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Digital currencies]]<br /> {{wp}}{{p-move}}{{good}}<br /> [[es:Bitcoin]][[de:Bitcoin]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Template:MainPage_FAQ&diff=64687 2017-12-30T17:08:14Z

<p>Nullius: Temporarily change interwiki link to hardcoded link to make it https. After interwiki is fixed with https, please revert! See https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2667925.0</p> <hr /> <div>'''Q. What is Bitcoin?'''<br /> <br /> A. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer currency. Peer-to-peer means that no central authority issues new money or tracks transactions. These tasks are managed collectively by the [[network]].<br /> <br /> '''Q. How does Bitcoin work?'''<br /> <br /> A. Bitcoin uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography public-key cryptography], peer-to-peer networking, and [[Proof_of_work| proof-of-work]] to process and verify payments. Bitcoins are sent (or signed over) from one address to another with each user potentially having many, many addresses. Each payment transaction is broadcast to the network and included in the blockchain so that the included bitcoins cannot be spent twice. After an hour or two, each transaction is locked in time by the massive amount of processing power that continues to extend the blockchain. Using these techniques, Bitcoin provides a fast and extremely reliable payment network that anyone can use.<br /> <br /> &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;'''[[FAQ|See More]]'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;noinclude&gt;{{p-move}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Template:MainPage_Topics&diff=64686 2017-12-30T16:42:04Z

<p>Nullius: Upgrade http → https for link to bitcoincharts.com.</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;!--<br /> First table is for tutorials. Left column = pages written for end users. Right column = pages for developers.<br /> Second table is for categories.<br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> {|cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: inherit;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px;&quot; |<br /> * '''[[Introduction]]<br /> * '''[[Getting started]]<br /> * '''[[Myths]]<br /> * '''[[Securing your wallet]]<br /> * '''[[FAQ]]<br /> * [https://bitcoincharts.com/ Bitcoin Statistics]<br /> | scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px;&quot; |<br /> * [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]]<br /> * [[Protocol specification]]<br /> * [[Secure Trading|Best practices for traders]]<br /> * [[Bitcoin Improvement Proposals]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {|cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: inherit;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px;&quot; |<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> <br /> * [[Software]]<br /> * [[Mining]]<br /> * [[Trading bitcoins|Exchanges]]<br /> * [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]<br /> * [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]]<br /> * [[People]]<br /> |<br /> * [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]<br /> * [[:Category:Economics|Economics]]<br /> * [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]]<br /> * [[Meetups]] and [[Conferences]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;noinclude&gt;{{p-move}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=64685 2017-12-30T16:39:55Z

<p>Nullius: Upgrade http → https, add trailing slash for link to bitcoin.org.</p> <hr /> <div>{| id=&quot;mp-topbanner&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:61%; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;WELCOME TO BITCOIN&quot; AND ARTICLE COUNT --&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:100%; border:none; background:none;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;Welcome to the [[Bitcoin]] Wiki,&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;&quot;&gt;for all your Bitcoin information needs.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] pages. Established April 14, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;<br /> '''This wiki is maintained by the Bitcoin community.'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width:39%;&quot; |&lt;center&gt;{{ERN}}&lt;/center&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:100%; border:none; background:none; font-size:120%; font-weight: bold; font-family: 'Ubuntu', sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://bitcoin.org/ Bitcoin.org]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[Forums]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-upper&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfa-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding:2px 5px&quot;&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-dyk-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;Why?&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot;&gt;{{MainPage_Reasons}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> | style=&quot;border:1px solid transparent;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-otd-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;Topic central&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-otd&quot;&gt;{{MainPage_Topics}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-otd-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-otd&quot;&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Other pages ==<br /> <br /> * '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing.<br /> * '''[[BW:About|About]]''' - Information on this site.<br /> * '''[http://dump.bitcoin.it/ Dumps]''' - Backup this wiki.<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Help_talk:Getting_started&diff=64684 2017-12-30T16:33:51Z

<p>Nullius: Request re upgrading of http → https for links on protected page.</p> <hr /> <div>=Upgrading links http → https=<br /> <br /> I want to upgrade http → https for links to sites I know support it: Bitcointalk.org, Stack Exchange, etc. However, this page is protected (for obvious reasons). Would somebody with the appropriate privileges please either make this minor edit, or let me do so? Thanks.<br /> <br /> [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 16:33, 30 December 2017 (UTC)</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Help:Introduction&diff=64683 2017-12-30T16:28:07Z

<p>Nullius: Upgrade http → https for links to sites I know support it. Other links need review.</p> <hr /> <div>The purpose of this page is to provide a general overview of the Bitcoin system and economy.<br /> <br /> ==Basic Concepts==<br /> <br /> ===Currency===<br /> <br /> Alice wants to buy the [http://www.grasshillalpacas.com/alpacaproductsforbitcoinoffer.html Alpaca socks] which Bob has for sale. In return, she must provide something of equal value to Bob. The most efficient way to do this is by using a medium of exchange that Bob accepts which would be classified as currency. Currency makes trade easier by eliminating the need for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants coincidence of wants] required in other systems of trade such as barter. Currency adoption and acceptance can be global, national, or in some cases local or community-based.<br /> <br /> ===Banks===<br /> <br /> Alice need not provide currency to Bob in-person. She may instead transfer this value by first entrusting her currency to a bank who promises to store and protect Alice's currency notes. The bank gives Alice a written promise (called a &quot;bank statement&quot;) that entitles her to withdraw the same number of currency bills that she deposited. Since the money is still Alice's, she is entitled to do with it whatever she pleases, and the bank (like most banks), for a small fee, will do Alice the service of passing on the currency bills to Bob on her behalf. This is done by Alice's bank by giving the dollar bills to Bob's bank and informing them that the money is for Bob, who will then see the amount the next time he checks his balance or receives his bank statement.<br /> <br /> Since banks have many customers, and bank employees require money for doing the job of talking to people and signing documents, banks in recent times have been using machines such as ATMs and web servers that do the job of interacting with customers instead of paid bank employees. The task of these machines is to learn what each customer wants to do with their money and, to the extent that it is possible, act on what the customer wants (for example, ATMs can hand out cash). Customers can always know how much money they have in their accounts, and they are confident that the numbers they see in their bank statements and on their computer screens accurately reflect the number of dollars that they can get from the bank on demand. They can be so sure of this that they can accept those numbers in the same way they accept paper banknotes (this is similar to the way people started accepting paper dollars when they had been accepting gold or silver).<br /> <br /> Such a system has several disadvantages:<br /> * It is costly. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer EFTs] in Europe can cost 25 euros. Credit transactions can cost several percent of the transaction.<br /> * It is slow. Checking and low cost wire services take days to complete.<br /> * In most cases, it cannot be anonymous.<br /> * Accounts can be frozen, or their balance partially or wholly confiscated.<br /> * Banks and other payment processors like PayPal, Visa, and Mastercard may refuse to process payments for certain legal entities. <br /> <br /> <br /> Bitcoin is a system of owning and voluntarily transferring amounts of so-called ''bitcoins'', in a manner similar to an on-line banking, but pseudonymously and without reliance on a central authority to maintain account balances. If bitcoins are valuable, it is because they are useful and limited in supply.<br /> <br /> ==Bitcoin Basics==<br /> <br /> ===Creation of coins===<br /> <br /> The creation of coins must be limited for the currency to have any value. <br /> <br /> New coins are slowly [[Mining|mined]] into existence by following a mutually agreed-upon set of rules. A user [[Mining|mining]] bitcoins is running a software program that searches for a solution to a very difficult math problem the difficulty of which is precisely known. This difficulty is automatically adjusted on a predictable schedule so that the number of solutions found globally for a given unit of time is constant: the global system aims for 6 per hour. When a solution is found, the user may tell everyone of the existence of this newly found solution along with other information packaged together in what is called a &quot;[[Block|block]]&quot;. The solution itself is a [[Proof of work| proof-of-work]] or PoW. It is hard to find, but easy to verify.<br /> <br /> Blocks create 12.5 new bitcoins at present [October 2016]. This amount, known as the block reward, is an incentive for people to perform the computation work required for generating blocks. Roughly every 4 years, the number of bitcoins that can be &quot;mined&quot; in a block reduces by 50%. Originally the block reward was 50 bitcoins; it halved in November 2012; it then halved again in July 2016. Any block that is created by a malicious user that does not follow this rule (or any other rules) will be rejected by everyone else. In the end, no more than 21 million bitcoins will ever exist. <br /> <br /> Because the block reward will decrease over the long term, miners will some day instead pay for their hardware and electricity costs by collecting [[Transaction_fee|transaction fees]]. The sender of money may voluntarily pay a small transaction fee which will be kept by whoever finds the next block. Paying this fee will encourage miners to include the transaction in a block more quickly.<br /> <br /> ===Sending payments===<br /> <br /> To guarantee that a third-party, let's call her Eve, cannot spend other people's bitcoins by creating transactions in their names, Bitcoin uses [[Wikipedia:Public-key_cryptography|public key cryptography]] to make and verify digital signatures. In this system, each person, such as Alice or Bob, has one or more addresses each with an associated pair of public and private keys that they may hold in a [[Wallet|wallet]]. Only the user with the private key can sign a transaction to give some of their bitcoins to somebody else, but anyone can validate the signature using that user’s public key.<br /> <br /> Suppose Alice wants to send a bitcoin to Bob.<br /> * Bob sends his address to Alice.<br /> * Alice adds Bob’s address and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.<br /> * Alice signs the transaction with her private key, and announces her public key for signature verification.<br /> * Alice broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see.<br /> <br /> (Only the first two steps require human action. The rest is done by the Bitcoin client software.)<br /> <br /> Looking at this transaction from the outside, anyone who knows that these addresses belong to Alice and Bob can see that Alice has agreed to transfer the amount to Bob, because nobody else has Alice's private key. Alice would be foolish to give her private key to other people, as this would allow them to sign transactions in her name, removing funds from her control.<br /> <br /> Later on, when Bob wishes to transfer the same bitcoins to Charley, he will do the same thing:<br /> * Charlie sends Bob his address.<br /> * Bob adds Charlie's address and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.<br /> * Bob signs the transaction with his private key, and announces his public key for signature verification.<br /> * Bob broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see.<br /> <br /> Only Bob can do this because only he has the private key that can create a valid signature for the transaction.<br /> <br /> Eve cannot change whose coins these are by replacing Bob’s address with her address, because Alice signed the transfer to Bob using her own private key, which is kept secret from Eve, and instructing that the coins which were hers now belong to Bob. So, if Charlie accepts that the original coin was in the hands of Alice, he will also accept the fact that this coin was later passed to Bob, and now Bob is passing this same coin to him.<br /> <br /> ===Preventing [[double-spending]]===<br /> <br /> The process described above does not prevent Alice from using the same bitcoins in more than one transaction. The following process does; this is the primary innovation behind Bitcoin.<br /> <br /> * Details about the [[Transactions|transaction]] are [[Network|sent and forwarded]] to all or as many other computers as possible.<br /> * A constantly growing chain of [[Blocks|blocks]] that contains a record of all transactions is collectively maintained by all computers (each has a full copy).<br /> * To be accepted in the chain, transaction blocks must be valid and must include [[proof of work]] (one block generated by the network every 10 minutes).<br /> * Blocks are chained in a way so that, if any one is modified, all following blocks will have to be recomputed.<br /> * When multiple valid continuations to this chain appear, only the longest such branch is accepted and it is then extended further.<br /> <br /> When Bob sees that his transaction has been included in a block, which has been made part of the single longest and fastest-growing block chain (extended with significant computational effort), he can be confident that the transaction by Alice has been accepted by the computers in the network and is permanently recorded, preventing Alice from creating a second transaction with the same coin. In order for Alice to thwart this system and double-spend her coins, she would need to muster more computing power than all other Bitcoin users combined.<br /> <br /> ===Anonymity===<br /> <br /> When it comes to the Bitcoin network itself, there are no &quot;accounts&quot; to set up, and no e-mail addresses, user-names or passwords are required to hold or spend bitcoins. Each balance is simply associated with an address and its public-private key pair. The money &quot;belongs&quot; to anyone who has the private key and can sign transactions with it. Moreover, those keys do not have to be registered anywhere in advance, as they are only used when required for a transaction. Transacting parties do not need to know each other's identity in the same way that a store owner does not know a cash-paying customer's name.<br /> <br /> A [[Address|Bitcoin address]] mathematically corresponds to a public key and looks like this:<br /> <br /> :1PHYrmdJ22MKbJevpb3MBNpVckjZHt89hz<br /> <br /> Each person can have many such addresses, each with its own balance, which makes it very difficult to know which person owns what amount. In order to protect his [[Anonymity|privacy]], Bob can generate a new public-private key pair for each individual receiving transaction and the Bitcoin software encourages this behavior by default. Continuing the example from above, when Charlie receives the bitcoins from Bob, Charlie will not be able to identify who owned the bitcoins before Bob.<br /> <br /> ===Capitalization / Nomenclature===<br /> <br /> Since Bitcoin is both a currency and a protocol, capitalization can be confusing. Accepted practice is to use ''Bitcoin'' (singular with an upper case letter B) to label the protocol, software, and community, and ''bitcoins'' (with a lower case b) to label units of the currency.<br /> <br /> ==Where to see and explore==<br /> <br /> You can directly explore the system in action by visiting [https://btc.com/ BTC.com], [https://www.biteasy.com/ Biteasy.com], [https://blockchain.info/ Blockchain.info], [http://btc.blockr.io/ Blokr.io Bitcoin Block Explorer] or [https://blockexplorer.com/ Bitcoin Block Explorer].<br /> The site shows you the latest blocks in the block chain. The [[Block_chain|block chain]] contains the agreed history of all transactions that took place in the system.<br /> Note how many blocks were generated in the last hour, which on average will be 6. Also notice the number of transactions and the total amount transferred in the last hour (last time I checked it was about 64 and 15K).<br /> This should give you an indication of how active the system is.<br /> <br /> Next, navigate to one of these blocks.<br /> The block's [[hash]] begins with a run of zeros. This is what made creating the block so difficult; a hash that begins with many zeros is much more difficult to find than a hash with few or no zeros. The computer that generated this block had to try many ''Nonce'' values (also listed on the block's page) until it found one that generated this run of zeros.<br /> Next, see the line titled ''Previous block''. Each block contains the hash of the block that came before it. This is what forms the chain of blocks.<br /> Now take a look at all the transactions the block contains. The first transaction is the income earned by the computer that generated this block. It includes a fixed amount of coins created out of &quot;thin air&quot; and possibly a fee collected from other transactions in the same block.<br /> <br /> Drill down into any of the transactions and you will see how it is made up of one or more amounts coming in and out.<br /> Having more than one incoming and outgoing amount in a transaction enables the system to join and break amounts in any possible way, allowing for any fractional amount needed. Each incoming amount is a past transaction (which you can also view) from someone's address, and each outgoing amount is addressed to someone and will be part of a future transaction (which you can also navigate down into if it has already taken place.)<br /> <br /> Finally, you can follow any of the [[Address|addresses]] links and see what public information is available for them.<br /> <br /> To get an impression of the amount of activity on the Bitcoin network, you might like to visit the monitoring websites [[Bitcoin Monitor]] and [[Bitcoin Watch]]. The first shows a real-time visualization of events on the Bitcoin network, and the second lists general statistics on the amount and size of recent transactions.<br /> <br /> ===How many people use Bitcoin?===<br /> <br /> This is quite a difficult question to answer accurately. One approach is to count how many bitcoin clients connected to the network in the last 24 hours. We can do this because some clients transmit their addresses to the other members of the network periodically. In September 2011, this method suggested that there were about {{formatnum:60000}} users.<br /> <br /> In October 2014, according to [https://www.coindesk.com/state-of-bitcoin-q3-2014-report-maturing-ecosystem-price-pressure/ Coindesk report] there were more than 7.5 million bitcoin wallets.<br /> <br /> In October 2016, according to [https://Blockchain.info blockchain.info] user counts based on Blockchain wallet, there are about 8.8 mln registered Bitcoin users on its platform. [https://cointelegraph.com/news/counting-them-all-how-to-figure-out-actual-number-of-bitcoin-users Cointelegraph report]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [http://bitcoinhelp.net Bitcoin Help] &amp;mdash; the simple guide to Bitcoin.<br /> * Learn the entire history of Bitcoin in the interactive timeline at [http://historyofbitcoin.org History of Bitcoin].<br /> * [https://www.weusecoins.com What Is Bitcoin?]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoinmining.com What Is Bitcoin Mining?]<br /> <br /> [[zh-cn:简介]]<br /> <br /> [[de:Einführung]]<br /> [[fr:Introduction]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Forums&diff=64682 2017-12-30T16:18:27Z

<p>Nullius: Axe link to Roger Ver’s scamcoin promotion newbie trap, “bitcoin dot com”</p> <hr /> <div>== General Bitcoin Discussion ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/ The Bitcoin Forum]. (This is the original Bitcoin Forum, previously [https://web.archive.org/web/20091215005450/http://www.bitcoin.org:80/smf/ on bitcoin.org], where [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3 Satoshi Nakamoto] used to [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3;sa=showPosts post].)<br /> * Reddit:<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/ /r/Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinbeginners /r/bitcoinbeginners]<br /> ** ([https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/communities More Bitcoin subreddits])<br /> * [http://bitco.in/forum/ Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/forum/USD Cryptocompare - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoinforum.ca Bitcoin Forum Canada]<br /> * [http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/index.php Bitcoin Trading Forum]<br /> * [http://coinboards.org CoinBoards]<br /> * [https://coinchat.org CoinChat - bitcoin integrated chat network with free BTC, gambling games, custom rooms, SSL encryption]<br /> * [https://www.tradingview.com/chat/#bitcoin TradingView Bitcoin Chat]<br /> * [http://btc-eth.community/ Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> *Google Plus:<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/115591368588047305300 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/116312962316485325190 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/b/107581642674912229828/107581642674912229828/posts Google+ Page]<br /> *Google Groups:<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoin-discussion Google groups - bitcoin-discussion]<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoinpeople Google groups - Bitcoin People]<br /> * [https://hubski.com/tag?id=bitcoin Hubski - Bitcoin discussion]<br /> * [https://axablends.com/merchants-accepting-bitcoin/ Merchants Accepting Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/bitcoin Steam - Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://www.talkgold.com/forum/f513-.html Talkgold - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * Facebook:<br /> **[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin/133067610063481 Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoin.p2p.digital.currency Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/btchkex Facebook - Bitcoin Hong Kong]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoins Facebook - Bitcoin P2P Cryptocurrency]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/IndiaBitcoin Facebook - Bitcoin India]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-New-Zealand/189769464405632 New Zealand Facebook community]<br /> <br /> == Regular shows and podcasts ==<br /> * [http://letstalkbitcoin.com Let's talk bitcoin - Adam B. Levine's podcast]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/letstalkbitcoin/ Let's talk bitcoin subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/show/planb Plan B - Juniper Broadcasting weekly bitcoin show]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/jupiterbroadcasting/ Juniper Broadcasting youtube channel]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/planbshow/ Plan B show subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.thebitcoinchannel.com Bitcoin Channel - Bitcoin report and other videos/webcasts]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/BitcoinChannel Bitcoin Channel on youtube]<br /> * [http://bit-media.org/ Bit-media Bitcoin News]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE1Y1LP64040veaEbdIYKYw Bit-media youtube Channel]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitmediacommunity/ Bit-media Facebook Page]<br /> <br /> == Language/Region Specific ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/#5 Local Forums], including at this time:<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=241.0 العربية (Arabic)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=191.0 Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=27.0 Español (Spanish)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=30.0 中文 (Chinese)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=201.0 Hrvatski (Croatian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=16.0 Deutsch (German)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=120.0 Ελληνικά (Greek)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=95.0 עברית (Hebrew)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=13.0 Français]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=89.0 India]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=28.0 Italiano (Italian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=79.0 Nederlands (Dutch)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=82.0 한국어 (Korean)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=219.0 Philippines]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=142.0 Polski]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=29.0 Português (Portuguese)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=10.0 Русский (Russian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Română (Romanian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=45.0 Skandinavisk]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=133.0 Türkçe (Turkish)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=11.0 Other languages/locations]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/local_communities List of Reddit local communities]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoins.co.ke Nairobi, Kenya and Africa Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://www.coinforum.ca Canada's Bitcoin forum]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoin-italia.org Italian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.pl/forum/ Polish Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://forum.btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com Bitcoin community forum (Russian)]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.rs Serbian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.si/ Slovenian bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin-tr.com/ Turkish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://forum.bitcoinpenge.dk/ Danish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.co.id/ Indonesian Bitcoin Forum]<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> <br /> * [https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin StackExchange] - Q&amp;A site<br /> * The [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev bitcoin-dev] mailing list, for “Bitcoin development and protocol discussion”<br /> * The [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-discuss bitcoin-discuss] mailing list, for “Technical discussion of bitcoin, beyond bitcoin-dev”<br /> * [https://www.quora.com/topic/Bitcoin/ Quora - Bitcoin Questions and Answers]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> <br /> * [[Bitcoin_Wiki:Community_portal]]<br /> <br /> [[pl:Fora dyskusyjne]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=64680 2017-12-30T15:38:34Z

<p>Nullius: Add important PSA at the bottom line.</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum uid 976210]<br /> * Bitcoin addresses; tips welcome:<br /> ** Segwit P2WPKH nested in P2SH: [bitcoin:3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG 3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie”] Segwit Bech32: [bitcoin:bc1qcash96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h bc1q'''cash'''96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h] (It is only possible to send genuine Bitcoin cash money to this address!)<br /> * PGP keys; please encrypt all correspondence:<br /> ** Ed25519 (preferred): [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]<br /> ** RSA: [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE 0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE]<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2665019.0 The Nullian Bitcult ϐ bitcult.faith ϐ]<br /> <br /> '''There is only one Bitcoin.'''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=64679 2017-12-30T15:31:54Z

<p>Nullius: Add Bitcoin Forum uid</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum uid 976210]<br /> * Bitcoin addresses; tips welcome:<br /> ** Segwit P2WPKH nested in P2SH: [bitcoin:3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG 3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie”] Segwit Bech32: [bitcoin:bc1qcash96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h bc1q'''cash'''96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h] (It is only possible to send genuine Bitcoin cash money to this address!)<br /> * PGP keys; please encrypt all correspondence:<br /> ** Ed25519 (preferred): [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]<br /> ** RSA: [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE 0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE]<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2665019.0 The Nullian Bitcult ϐ bitcult.faith ϐ]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=64678 2017-12-30T15:24:54Z

<p>Nullius: Add link to the Nullian Bitcult ϐ bitcult.faith ϐ</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * Bitcoin addresses; tips welcome:<br /> ** Segwit P2WPKH nested in P2SH: [bitcoin:3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG 3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie”] Segwit Bech32: [bitcoin:bc1qcash96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h bc1q'''cash'''96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h] (It is only possible to send genuine Bitcoin cash money to this address!)<br /> * PGP keys; please encrypt all correspondence:<br /> ** Ed25519 (preferred): [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]<br /> ** RSA: [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE 0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE]<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2665019.0 The Nullian Bitcult ϐ bitcult.faith ϐ]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=64677 2017-12-30T15:20:19Z

<p>Nullius: Added/changed Bitcoin addresses, including Bech32 address.</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * Bitcoin addresses; tips welcome:<br /> ** Segwit P2WPKH nested in P2SH: [bitcoin:3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG 3NULL3ZCUXr7RDLxXeLPDMZDZYxuaYkCnG]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie”] Segwit Bech32: [bitcoin:bc1qcash96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h bc1q'''cash'''96s5jqppzsp8hy8swkggf7f6agex98an7h] (It is only possible to send genuine Bitcoin cash money to this address!)<br /> * PGP keys; please encrypt all correspondence:<br /> ** Ed25519 (preferred): [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]<br /> ** RSA: [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE 0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE]<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=64676 2017-12-30T15:13:17Z

<p>Nullius: Add links to my new Bitcoin utilities bech32(1) and easyseed(1), released yesterday.</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * Bitcoin address, Segwit P2WPKH-nested-in-P2SH: [bitcoin:36finjay27E5XPDtSdLEsPR1RypfhNW8D8 36finjay27E5XPDtSdLEsPR1RypfhNW8D8] ''(Tips welcome.)''<br /> * PGP keys; please encrypt all correspondence:<br /> ** Ed25519 (preferred): [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]<br /> ** RSA: [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE 0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE]<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/bech32 bech32(1)]''' utility for encoding/decoding of [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP 173] Bech32 strings and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2646007.0 “Bravo Charlie” Addresses]. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/bech32/master/bech32.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664728.0 forum thread]) Encode/decode hexadecimal strings with custom HRP, or “bc1” Bitcoin addresses. Special support for [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 RFC 7686] .onion special-use domain names.<br /> ** The '''[https://github.com/nym-zone/easyseed easyseed(1)]''' secure [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP 39] mnemonic seed phrase generator. ([https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nym-zone/easyseed/master/easyseed.1.txt manpage], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2664861.0 forum thread]) My original motivation for writing this was that I needed a lightweight, reliable BIP 39 seed phrase generator with ''easily auditable'' sources and ''minimal dependencies'' for use on a stripped-down airgap machine. Unlike popular Javascript utilities, '''easyseed(1)''' reads bits straight off [https://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/ /dev/urandom], or from user-provided keymat. Because gathering and processing of entropy is properly the kernel’s job.</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Forums&diff=64675 2017-12-30T14:57:50Z

<p>Nullius: Remove long-obsolete note that Bitcoin StackExchange is “currently in public beta”.</p> <hr /> <div>== General Bitcoin Discussion ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/ The Bitcoin Forum]. (This is the original Bitcoin Forum, previously [https://web.archive.org/web/20091215005450/http://www.bitcoin.org:80/smf/ on bitcoin.org], where [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3 Satoshi Nakamoto] used to [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3;sa=showPosts post].<br /> * Reddit:<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/ /r/Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinbeginners /r/bitcoinbeginners]<br /> ** ([https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/communities More Bitcoin subreddits])<br /> * [http://bitco.in/forum/ Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.com Bitcoin.com]<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/forum/USD Cryptocompare - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoinforum.ca Bitcoin Forum Canada]<br /> * [http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/index.php Bitcoin Trading Forum]<br /> * [http://coinboards.org CoinBoards]<br /> * [https://coinchat.org CoinChat - bitcoin integrated chat network with free BTC, gambling games, custom rooms, SSL encryption]<br /> * [https://www.tradingview.com/chat/#bitcoin TradingView Bitcoin Chat]<br /> * [http://btc-eth.community/ Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> *Google Plus:<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/115591368588047305300 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/116312962316485325190 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/b/107581642674912229828/107581642674912229828/posts Google+ Page]<br /> *Google Groups:<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoin-discussion Google groups - bitcoin-discussion]<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoinpeople Google groups - Bitcoin People]<br /> * [https://hubski.com/tag?id=bitcoin Hubski - Bitcoin discussion]<br /> * [https://axablends.com/merchants-accepting-bitcoin/ Merchants Accepting Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/bitcoin Steam - Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://www.talkgold.com/forum/f513-.html Talkgold - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * Facebook:<br /> **[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin/133067610063481 Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoin.p2p.digital.currency Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/btchkex Facebook - Bitcoin Hong Kong]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoins Facebook - Bitcoin P2P Cryptocurrency]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/IndiaBitcoin Facebook - Bitcoin India]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-New-Zealand/189769464405632 New Zealand Facebook community]<br /> <br /> == Regular shows and podcasts ==<br /> * [http://letstalkbitcoin.com Let's talk bitcoin - Adam B. Levine's podcast]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/letstalkbitcoin/ Let's talk bitcoin subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/show/planb Plan B - Juniper Broadcasting weekly bitcoin show]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/jupiterbroadcasting/ Juniper Broadcasting youtube channel]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/planbshow/ Plan B show subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.thebitcoinchannel.com Bitcoin Channel - Bitcoin report and other videos/webcasts]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/BitcoinChannel Bitcoin Channel on youtube]<br /> * [http://bit-media.org/ Bit-media Bitcoin News]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE1Y1LP64040veaEbdIYKYw Bit-media youtube Channel]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitmediacommunity/ Bit-media Facebook Page]<br /> <br /> == Language/Region Specific ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/#5 Local Forums], including at this time:<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=241.0 العربية (Arabic)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=191.0 Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=27.0 Español (Spanish)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=30.0 中文 (Chinese)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=201.0 Hrvatski (Croatian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=16.0 Deutsch (German)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=120.0 Ελληνικά (Greek)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=95.0 עברית (Hebrew)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=13.0 Français]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=89.0 India]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=28.0 Italiano (Italian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=79.0 Nederlands (Dutch)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=82.0 한국어 (Korean)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=219.0 Philippines]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=142.0 Polski]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=29.0 Português (Portuguese)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=10.0 Русский (Russian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Română (Romanian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=45.0 Skandinavisk]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=133.0 Türkçe (Turkish)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=11.0 Other languages/locations]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/local_communities List of Reddit local communities]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoins.co.ke Nairobi, Kenya and Africa Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://www.coinforum.ca Canada's Bitcoin forum]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoin-italia.org Italian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.pl/forum/ Polish Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://forum.btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com Bitcoin community forum (Russian)]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.rs Serbian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.si/ Slovenian bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin-tr.com/ Turkish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://forum.bitcoinpenge.dk/ Danish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.co.id/ Indonesian Bitcoin Forum]<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> <br /> * [https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin StackExchange] - Q&amp;A site<br /> * The [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev bitcoin-dev] mailing list, for “Bitcoin development and protocol discussion”<br /> * The [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-discuss bitcoin-discuss] mailing list, for “Technical discussion of bitcoin, beyond bitcoin-dev”<br /> * [https://www.quora.com/topic/Bitcoin/ Quora - Bitcoin Questions and Answers]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> <br /> * [[Bitcoin_Wiki:Community_portal]]<br /> <br /> [[pl:Fora dyskusyjne]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Forums&diff=64674 2017-12-30T14:55:21Z

<p>Nullius: Add links to bitcoin-dev and bitcoin-discuss; remove 404 long-dead link to old Sourceforge mailing list.</p> <hr /> <div>== General Bitcoin Discussion ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/ The Bitcoin Forum]. (This is the original Bitcoin Forum, previously [https://web.archive.org/web/20091215005450/http://www.bitcoin.org:80/smf/ on bitcoin.org], where [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3 Satoshi Nakamoto] used to [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3;sa=showPosts post].<br /> * Reddit:<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/ /r/Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinbeginners /r/bitcoinbeginners]<br /> ** ([https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/communities More Bitcoin subreddits])<br /> * [http://bitco.in/forum/ Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.com Bitcoin.com]<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/forum/USD Cryptocompare - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoinforum.ca Bitcoin Forum Canada]<br /> * [http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/index.php Bitcoin Trading Forum]<br /> * [http://coinboards.org CoinBoards]<br /> * [https://coinchat.org CoinChat - bitcoin integrated chat network with free BTC, gambling games, custom rooms, SSL encryption]<br /> * [https://www.tradingview.com/chat/#bitcoin TradingView Bitcoin Chat]<br /> * [http://btc-eth.community/ Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> *Google Plus:<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/115591368588047305300 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/116312962316485325190 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/b/107581642674912229828/107581642674912229828/posts Google+ Page]<br /> *Google Groups:<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoin-discussion Google groups - bitcoin-discussion]<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoinpeople Google groups - Bitcoin People]<br /> * [https://hubski.com/tag?id=bitcoin Hubski - Bitcoin discussion]<br /> * [https://axablends.com/merchants-accepting-bitcoin/ Merchants Accepting Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/bitcoin Steam - Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://www.talkgold.com/forum/f513-.html Talkgold - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * Facebook:<br /> **[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin/133067610063481 Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoin.p2p.digital.currency Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/btchkex Facebook - Bitcoin Hong Kong]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoins Facebook - Bitcoin P2P Cryptocurrency]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/IndiaBitcoin Facebook - Bitcoin India]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-New-Zealand/189769464405632 New Zealand Facebook community]<br /> <br /> == Regular shows and podcasts ==<br /> * [http://letstalkbitcoin.com Let's talk bitcoin - Adam B. Levine's podcast]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/letstalkbitcoin/ Let's talk bitcoin subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/show/planb Plan B - Juniper Broadcasting weekly bitcoin show]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/jupiterbroadcasting/ Juniper Broadcasting youtube channel]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/planbshow/ Plan B show subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.thebitcoinchannel.com Bitcoin Channel - Bitcoin report and other videos/webcasts]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/BitcoinChannel Bitcoin Channel on youtube]<br /> * [http://bit-media.org/ Bit-media Bitcoin News]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE1Y1LP64040veaEbdIYKYw Bit-media youtube Channel]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitmediacommunity/ Bit-media Facebook Page]<br /> <br /> == Language/Region Specific ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/#5 Local Forums], including at this time:<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=241.0 العربية (Arabic)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=191.0 Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=27.0 Español (Spanish)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=30.0 中文 (Chinese)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=201.0 Hrvatski (Croatian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=16.0 Deutsch (German)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=120.0 Ελληνικά (Greek)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=95.0 עברית (Hebrew)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=13.0 Français]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=89.0 India]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=28.0 Italiano (Italian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=79.0 Nederlands (Dutch)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=82.0 한국어 (Korean)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=219.0 Philippines]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=142.0 Polski]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=29.0 Português (Portuguese)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=10.0 Русский (Russian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Română (Romanian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=45.0 Skandinavisk]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=133.0 Türkçe (Turkish)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=11.0 Other languages/locations]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/local_communities List of Reddit local communities]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoins.co.ke Nairobi, Kenya and Africa Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://www.coinforum.ca Canada's Bitcoin forum]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoin-italia.org Italian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.pl/forum/ Polish Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://forum.btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com Bitcoin community forum (Russian)]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.rs Serbian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.si/ Slovenian bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin-tr.com/ Turkish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://forum.bitcoinpenge.dk/ Danish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.co.id/ Indonesian Bitcoin Forum]<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> <br /> * [https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin StackExchange] - Q&amp;A site, currently in public beta<br /> * The [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev bitcoin-dev] mailing list, for “Bitcoin development and protocol discussion”<br /> * The [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-discuss bitcoin-discuss] mailing list, for “Technical discussion of bitcoin, beyond bitcoin-dev”<br /> * [https://www.quora.com/topic/Bitcoin/ Quora - Bitcoin Questions and Answers]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> <br /> * [[Bitcoin_Wiki:Community_portal]]<br /> <br /> [[pl:Fora dyskusyjne]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Forums&diff=64673 2017-12-30T14:48:12Z

<p>Nullius: Add links for Bitcoin subreddits, including to list of local communities; remove links to altcoin/scamcoin subreddits.</p> <hr /> <div>== General Bitcoin Discussion ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/ The Bitcoin Forum]. (This is the original Bitcoin Forum, previously [https://web.archive.org/web/20091215005450/http://www.bitcoin.org:80/smf/ on bitcoin.org], where [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3 Satoshi Nakamoto] used to [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3;sa=showPosts post].<br /> * Reddit:<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/ /r/Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinbeginners /r/bitcoinbeginners]<br /> ** ([https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/communities More Bitcoin subreddits])<br /> * [http://bitco.in/forum/ Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.com Bitcoin.com]<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/forum/USD Cryptocompare - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoinforum.ca Bitcoin Forum Canada]<br /> * [http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/index.php Bitcoin Trading Forum]<br /> * [http://coinboards.org CoinBoards]<br /> * [https://coinchat.org CoinChat - bitcoin integrated chat network with free BTC, gambling games, custom rooms, SSL encryption]<br /> * [https://www.tradingview.com/chat/#bitcoin TradingView Bitcoin Chat]<br /> * [http://btc-eth.community/ Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> *Google Plus:<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/115591368588047305300 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/116312962316485325190 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/b/107581642674912229828/107581642674912229828/posts Google+ Page]<br /> *Google Groups:<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoin-discussion Google groups - bitcoin-discussion]<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoinpeople Google groups - Bitcoin People]<br /> * [https://hubski.com/tag?id=bitcoin Hubski - Bitcoin discussion]<br /> * [https://axablends.com/merchants-accepting-bitcoin/ Merchants Accepting Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/bitcoin Steam - Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://www.talkgold.com/forum/f513-.html Talkgold - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * Facebook:<br /> **[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin/133067610063481 Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoin.p2p.digital.currency Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/btchkex Facebook - Bitcoin Hong Kong]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoins Facebook - Bitcoin P2P Cryptocurrency]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/IndiaBitcoin Facebook - Bitcoin India]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-New-Zealand/189769464405632 New Zealand Facebook community]<br /> <br /> == Regular shows and podcasts ==<br /> * [http://letstalkbitcoin.com Let's talk bitcoin - Adam B. Levine's podcast]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/letstalkbitcoin/ Let's talk bitcoin subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/show/planb Plan B - Juniper Broadcasting weekly bitcoin show]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/jupiterbroadcasting/ Juniper Broadcasting youtube channel]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/planbshow/ Plan B show subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.thebitcoinchannel.com Bitcoin Channel - Bitcoin report and other videos/webcasts]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/BitcoinChannel Bitcoin Channel on youtube]<br /> * [http://bit-media.org/ Bit-media Bitcoin News]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE1Y1LP64040veaEbdIYKYw Bit-media youtube Channel]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitmediacommunity/ Bit-media Facebook Page]<br /> <br /> == Language/Region Specific ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/#5 Local Forums], including at this time:<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=241.0 العربية (Arabic)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=191.0 Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=27.0 Español (Spanish)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=30.0 中文 (Chinese)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=201.0 Hrvatski (Croatian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=16.0 Deutsch (German)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=120.0 Ελληνικά (Greek)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=95.0 עברית (Hebrew)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=13.0 Français]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=89.0 India]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=28.0 Italiano (Italian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=79.0 Nederlands (Dutch)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=82.0 한국어 (Korean)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=219.0 Philippines]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=142.0 Polski]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=29.0 Português (Portuguese)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=10.0 Русский (Russian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Română (Romanian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=45.0 Skandinavisk]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=133.0 Türkçe (Turkish)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=11.0 Other languages/locations]<br /> * [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/wiki/local_communities List of Reddit local communities]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoins.co.ke Nairobi, Kenya and Africa Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://www.coinforum.ca Canada's Bitcoin forum]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoin-italia.org Italian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.pl/forum/ Polish Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://forum.btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com Bitcoin community forum (Russian)]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.rs Serbian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.si/ Slovenian bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin-tr.com/ Turkish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://forum.bitcoinpenge.dk/ Danish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.co.id/ Indonesian Bitcoin Forum]<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> <br /> * [https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin StackExchange] - Q&amp;A site, currently in public beta<br /> * [https://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=bitcoin-development Developer mailing list]<br /> * [https://www.quora.com/topic/Bitcoin/ Quora - Bitcoin Questions and Answers]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> <br /> * [[Bitcoin_Wiki:Community_portal]]<br /> <br /> [[pl:Fora dyskusyjne]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Forums&diff=64672 2017-12-30T14:36:46Z

<p>Nullius: Edit link to bitcointalk.org; add links to local forums in appropriate section.</p> <hr /> <div>== General Bitcoin Discussion ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/ The Bitcoin Forum]. (This is the original Bitcoin Forum, previously [https://web.archive.org/web/20091215005450/http://www.bitcoin.org:80/smf/ on bitcoin.org], where [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3 Satoshi Nakamoto] used to [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=3;sa=showPosts post].<br /> * Reddit:<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin /r/Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin_uncensored /r/Bitcoin_uncensored]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin_uncensored /r/bitcoin_unlimited]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/btc /r/BTC]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinxt /r/BitcoinXT]<br /> * [http://bitco.in/forum/ Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.com Bitcoin.com]<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/forum/USD Cryptocompare - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoinforum.ca Bitcoin Forum Canada]<br /> * [http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/index.php Bitcoin Trading Forum]<br /> * [http://coinboards.org CoinBoards]<br /> * [https://coinchat.org CoinChat - bitcoin integrated chat network with free BTC, gambling games, custom rooms, SSL encryption]<br /> * [https://www.tradingview.com/chat/#bitcoin TradingView Bitcoin Chat]<br /> * [http://btc-eth.community/ Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> *Google Plus:<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/115591368588047305300 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/116312962316485325190 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/b/107581642674912229828/107581642674912229828/posts Google+ Page]<br /> *Google Groups:<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoin-discussion Google groups - bitcoin-discussion]<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoinpeople Google groups - Bitcoin People]<br /> * [https://hubski.com/tag?id=bitcoin Hubski - Bitcoin discussion]<br /> * [https://axablends.com/merchants-accepting-bitcoin/ Merchants Accepting Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/bitcoin Steam - Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://www.talkgold.com/forum/f513-.html Talkgold - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * Facebook:<br /> **[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin/133067610063481 Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoin.p2p.digital.currency Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/btchkex Facebook - Bitcoin Hong Kong]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoins Facebook - Bitcoin P2P Cryptocurrency]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/IndiaBitcoin Facebook - Bitcoin India]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-New-Zealand/189769464405632 New Zealand Facebook community]<br /> <br /> == Regular shows and podcasts ==<br /> * [http://letstalkbitcoin.com Let's talk bitcoin - Adam B. Levine's podcast]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/letstalkbitcoin/ Let's talk bitcoin subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/show/planb Plan B - Juniper Broadcasting weekly bitcoin show]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/jupiterbroadcasting/ Juniper Broadcasting youtube channel]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/planbshow/ Plan B show subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.thebitcoinchannel.com Bitcoin Channel - Bitcoin report and other videos/webcasts]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/BitcoinChannel Bitcoin Channel on youtube]<br /> * [http://bit-media.org/ Bit-media Bitcoin News]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE1Y1LP64040veaEbdIYKYw Bit-media youtube Channel]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitmediacommunity/ Bit-media Facebook Page]<br /> <br /> == Language/Region Specific ==<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/#5 Local Forums], including at this time:<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=241.0 العربية (Arabic)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=191.0 Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=27.0 Español (Spanish)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=30.0 中文 (Chinese)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=201.0 Hrvatski (Croatian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=16.0 Deutsch (German)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=120.0 Ελληνικά (Greek)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=95.0 עברית (Hebrew)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=13.0 Français]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=89.0 India]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=28.0 Italiano (Italian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=79.0 Nederlands (Dutch)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=82.0 한국어 (Korean)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=219.0 Philippines]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=142.0 Polski]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=29.0 Português (Portuguese)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=10.0 Русский (Russian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Română (Romanian)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=45.0 Skandinavisk]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=133.0 Türkçe (Turkish)]<br /> ** [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=11.0 Other languages/locations]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoins.co.ke Nairobi, Kenya and Africa Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://www.coinforum.ca Canada's Bitcoin forum]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoin-italia.org Italian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.pl/forum/ Polish Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://forum.btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com Bitcoin community forum (Russian)]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.rs Serbian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.si/ Slovenian bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin-tr.com/ Turkish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://forum.bitcoinpenge.dk/ Danish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.co.id/ Indonesian Bitcoin Forum]<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> <br /> * [https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin StackExchange] - Q&amp;A site, currently in public beta<br /> * [https://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=bitcoin-development Developer mailing list]<br /> * [https://www.quora.com/topic/Bitcoin/ Quora - Bitcoin Questions and Answers]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> <br /> * [[Bitcoin_Wiki:Community_portal]]<br /> <br /> [[pl:Fora dyskusyjne]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Forums&diff=64671 2017-12-30T14:18:46Z

<p>Nullius: Upgrade http to https in links to sites I know to support it: bitcointalk.org, reddit.com, Google, Facebook, Youtube, Stack Exchange, Sourceforge.</p> <hr /> <div>== General Bitcoin Discussion ==<br /> * Reddit:<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin /r/Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin_uncensored /r/Bitcoin_uncensored]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin_uncensored /r/bitcoin_unlimited]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/btc /r/BTC]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinxt /r/BitcoinXT]<br /> * [https://www.bitcointalk.org BitcoinTalk Forum]<br /> * [http://bitco.in/forum/ Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.com Bitcoin.com]<br /> * [https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/forum/USD Cryptocompare - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoinforum.ca Bitcoin Forum Canada]<br /> * [http://www.bitcointrading.com/forum/index.php Bitcoin Trading Forum]<br /> * [http://coinboards.org CoinBoards]<br /> * [https://coinchat.org CoinChat - bitcoin integrated chat network with free BTC, gambling games, custom rooms, SSL encryption]<br /> * [https://www.tradingview.com/chat/#bitcoin TradingView Bitcoin Chat]<br /> * [http://btc-eth.community/ Bitcoin Community Forum]<br /> *Google Plus:<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/115591368588047305300 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/communities/116312962316485325190 Bitcoin Google+ Community]<br /> ** [https://plus.google.com/b/107581642674912229828/107581642674912229828/posts Google+ Page]<br /> *Google Groups:<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoin-discussion Google groups - bitcoin-discussion]<br /> ** [https://groups.google.com/group/bitcoinpeople Google groups - Bitcoin People]<br /> * [https://hubski.com/tag?id=bitcoin Hubski - Bitcoin discussion]<br /> * [https://axablends.com/merchants-accepting-bitcoin/ Merchants Accepting Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://steamcommunity.com/groups/bitcoin Steam - Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://www.talkgold.com/forum/f513-.html Talkgold - Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * Facebook:<br /> **[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin/133067610063481 Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoin.p2p.digital.currency Facebook - Bitcoin]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/btchkex Facebook - Bitcoin Hong Kong]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitcoins Facebook - Bitcoin P2P Cryptocurrency]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/IndiaBitcoin Facebook - Bitcoin India]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-New-Zealand/189769464405632 New Zealand Facebook community]<br /> <br /> == Regular shows and podcasts ==<br /> * [http://letstalkbitcoin.com Let's talk bitcoin - Adam B. Levine's podcast]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/letstalkbitcoin/ Let's talk bitcoin subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/show/planb Plan B - Juniper Broadcasting weekly bitcoin show]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/jupiterbroadcasting/ Juniper Broadcasting youtube channel]<br /> ** [https://www.reddit.com/r/planbshow/ Plan B show subreddit]<br /> * [http://www.thebitcoinchannel.com Bitcoin Channel - Bitcoin report and other videos/webcasts]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/user/BitcoinChannel Bitcoin Channel on youtube]<br /> * [http://bit-media.org/ Bit-media Bitcoin News]<br /> ** [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE1Y1LP64040veaEbdIYKYw Bit-media youtube Channel]<br /> ** [https://www.facebook.com/bitmediacommunity/ Bit-media Facebook Page]<br /> <br /> == Language/Region Specific ==<br /> * [http://www.bitcoins.co.ke Nairobi, Kenya and Africa Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://www.coinforum.ca Canada's Bitcoin forum]<br /> * [https://www.bitcoin-italia.org Italian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.pl/forum/ Polish Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [https://forum.btcsec.com/ BTCsec.com Bitcoin community forum (Russian)]<br /> * [http://bitcoincenterkorea.org Bitcoin Center Korea]<br /> * [http://seoulbitcoin.org Seoul Bitcoin]<br /> * [http://bitcoin.rs Serbian Bitcoin community forum]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin.si/ Slovenian bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://www.bitcoin-tr.com/ Turkish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [http://forum.bitcoinpenge.dk/ Danish Bitcoin community]<br /> * [https://forum.bitcoin.co.id/ Indonesian Bitcoin Forum]<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> <br /> * [https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin StackExchange] - Q&amp;A site, currently in public beta<br /> * [https://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_name=bitcoin-development Developer mailing list]<br /> * [https://www.quora.com/topic/Bitcoin/ Quora - Bitcoin Questions and Answers]<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> <br /> * [[Bitcoin_Wiki:Community_portal]]<br /> <br /> [[pl:Fora dyskusyjne]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Talk:Private_key&diff=64646 2017-12-23T22:05:19Z

<p>Nullius: Discuss best means to address mnemonics precisely and concisely</p> <hr /> <div>=In re mnemonics=<br /> <br /> Hi, Belcher. I had a similar thought about [https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Private_key&amp;diff=64631&amp;oldid=64625 mnemonic phrases]. But I was motivated to make my edits (and indeed, [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1025908.msg26280949#msg26280949 to create a wiki account]) by wikitext which conflated different types of keys, thus causing [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2561150.msg26280205#msg26280205 user confusion observed in the wild]; and I didn’t want to risk causing any more of that.<br /> <br /> BIP 32 HD seeds ''may'' be created via a KDF from BIP 39 (or [https://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/seedphrase.html other]) mnemonics; but this is not necessarily so. The standards are distinct, as are their outputs. In an introductory-level technical article, simply mentioning the two together could create more technical confusion; but any longer explanation risks going into an extended off-topic tangent on the “private key” page. I debated this with myself, then decided to restrict scope to disambiguating between Bitcoin private keys and Bitcoin HD wallet seeds.<br /> <br /> Thoughts? I do think it would be good to mention and wikilink mnemonics here, if it could be done both precisely and concisely.<br /> <br /> [[User:Nullius|Nullius]] ([[User talk:Nullius|talk]]) 22:05, 23 December 2017 (UTC)</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=HD_wallet&diff=64643 2017-12-23T21:36:57Z

<p>Nullius: Redirect common term to appropriate page.</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Deterministic wallet]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=From_address&diff=64642 2017-12-23T21:32:40Z

<p>Nullius: Fix a few spelling, grammar, style nits</p> <hr /> <div>Bitcoin addresses are used to receive payments, but not to send them:<br /> there is no concept of a &quot;from&quot; address in Bitcoin.<br /> <br /> A common exchange on Bitcoin forums goes like this:<br /> * X: How do I see the address that a transaction came from?<br /> ** or: Why does my wallet software not tell me where transactions came from?<br /> * Y: (You can’t,) because there is no ‘from’ address.<br /> * X: What the hell do you mean? My transaction came from somewhere!<br /> This is an attempt to explain readably but fairly completely in one easily linkable place.<br /> <br /> == It depends what your definition of ‘from’ is ==<br /> <br /> OK, so before you had these coins, someone else had them&lt;ref&gt;Unless you were [[Coinbase|mining]].&lt;/ref&gt; — let’s say your friend Monica paid you back her share of your restaurant bill right there in the restaurant.<br /> The reason for avoiding the word ‘from’ is that in common English usage it’s tempting to assume that if something came ''from somewhere'', and you need to return it or correspond later about something else, that’s where you should ''return it to/reply to''.<br /> In the case of Bitcoin transactions (and actually often in the real world) this is an unreliable assumption;<br /> it confuses the who with the where/how.<br /> The distinction isn’t just [http://www.deadprogrammer.com/technically-correct pedantry];<br /> people (especially [[Satoshi Dice]] customers) have made this mistake and have lost money, so it’s primarily an effort to minimise such losses in future&lt;ref&gt;Secondarily, understanding why it’s unreliable is useful both for sound understanding of Bitcoin and for writing robust financial code that doesn’t lose other people’s money or cause support headaches for you.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> I suspect the following factors have contributed to the popularity of the “from” misconception:<br /> # We often learn by comparing new phenomena to those we’re already familiar with, and in most other payment systems and sender/recipient models the sender has a single permanent identifier.<br /> # Most blockchain explorers&lt;ref&gt;At least [https://blockexplorer.com blockexplorer.com], [https://blockchain.info blockchain.info], [https://biteasy.com biteasy.com] and [https://blockr.io blockr.io] (at time of writing).&lt;/ref&gt; attempt to show all last-sent-to addresses for a transaction in an effort to be user-friendly, and either show a suggestive arrow or even (in the case of blockexplorer.com) actually label the last-sent-to as “From”. All those I checked represent addresses as having a “balance” which tempts people to think addresses operate like bank accounts.<br /> # The depiction or use of addresses in some local wallets somewhat encourages it:<br /> #* Multibit prefers simpler key management over privacy, [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=208808.msg2191181#msg2191181 sending change “back” to one of the last-sent-to addresses]<br /> #* Electrum [https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from/electrum-screenshot represents addresses as having balances]<br /> # Vanity address use can easily be interpreted as meaning there’s a one-to-one relationship between people and addresses.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Why there’s no ‘from’ address ==<br /> <br /> === By analogy ===<br /> <br /> Relying on things that ''seem'' like ‘from’ addresses would be like:<br /> * Getting on a train/bus that just arrived from where you want to go, in the hope that all trains/buses always turn around and head back the way they came.<br /> * Trying to reply to mail you received in a re-used envelope — by peeling the sticker bearing your address off, and using the previous address you find underneath.<br /> * Looking at the routing and account numbers on a cheque you received, and then sending money to those numbers.<br /> <br /> ===In principle===<br /> <br /> The concept of a “from address” is inextricably entwined with ''transaction linkability''. Since Bitcoin has no “from address” in its design, the closest substitute in practice is a ''prior receiving address''. By implication, and usually without realizing it, people who speak of a “from address” assume that the money they receive must have been previously received at an address which can reliably discovered and linked in a chain of transactions.<br /> <br /> In addition to the other problems listed on this page, transactional linkability destroys [[Privacy|privacy]]. To protect privacy, there are active efforts in Bitcoin to make transactions unlinkable; in the abstract, this causes Bitcoin to behave somewhat more like bearer instruments, such as cash or gold coins. When you receive a physical currency note or a physical coin, there is obviously no “from address”; and you cannot attempt to construct one by examining the transactional history of the note or coin.<br /> <br /> === More technically ===<br /> <br /> At the protocol level, when looking at a transaction in isolation as it appears on the wire or in a block, no part of it directly encodes a “from”.<br /> A transaction provides solutions for some challenges and poses some new challenges, both in the form of [[Script|scripts]]&lt;ref&gt;Although in practice the network currently limits solution scripts to providing solutions directly; solution scripts can’t compute anything.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> .<br /> Here’s one way to depict that for a transaction like [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 e9e2....5063]:<br /> <br /> [[Image:4ce9ef5f165d910881386f1d65fe1bf93b66ada3.png]]<br /> <br /> None of the &lt;code&gt;prev_outs&lt;/code&gt; in the [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 decoded version] directly encode addresses in any form.<br /> It does encode ''indirect references'' to unspent coins, and maybe for some unspent coins you can infer something about ''their'' previous destination, but conceptually those are at best references to previous “to” addresses.<br /> Even that inference is not always sensible (advanced transactions will probably [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 defeat] [https://blockchain.info/tx/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f?show_adv=true most] [https://www.biteasy.com/blockchain/transactions/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f block] [http://blockr.io/tx/info/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f explorers]) and is never necessary or appropriate in everyday use of Bitcoin. The rest of this post will use the term “''last-sent-to'' address”&lt;ref&gt;Because transactions are multiple-input, multiple-output, it’s really “all last-sent-to addresses”, since without assumptions you’ve no information about whether any one is more valid than any other.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Unreliable assumptions ==<br /> <br /> So when and how does sending to the last-sent-to address fail?<br /> Suppose you carefully reconcile your personal accounts at the end of each month and notice then that Monica overpaid.<br /> Now you need to return some of the money.<br /> If you send to the last-sent-to address, you’re relying on the assumptions that Monica:<br /> * uses a local wallet rather than a shared/web wallet<br /> * didn’t drop her phone in a puddle in the meantime<br /> * didn’t have her phone stolen in the meantime<br /> * used coins she received via a simple transaction to pay you<br /> * knows (or can definitely work out) who is sending that money to her and why<br /> * is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use<br /> * is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use<br /> <br /> If any of these assumptions turn out to be untrue you’ll lose coins, inconvenience Monica, or both.<br /> Since this is more than you’re likely to know with sufficient confidence about her without checking with her, it’s safer and easier simply to ask her for the correct address to send the overpayment to (hopefully a freshly generated, dedicated one) when you communicate.<br /> <br /> The following sections briefly look at why each listed assumption about the last-sent-to address is risky.<br /> <br /> * [[#Recipient created the private key|Recipient created the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient still has a copy of the private key|Recipient still has a copy of the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key|Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions|Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions]]<br /> * [[#Recipient can work out the origin reliably|Recipient can work out the origin reliably]]<br /> * [[#Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use|Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use]]<br /> * [[#Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use|Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use]]<br /> <br /> === Recipient created the private key ===<br /> <br /> Many web wallets/exchanges&lt;ref&gt;Besides some sites that provide nothing but wallet services, this includes some centralised exchanges, peer-to-peer or escrow-based exchanges, betting sites, mining pools — any site that holds coins on your behalf and doesn’t give you exclusive access to your private key, or sufficient multisig control of your coins.&lt;/ref&gt; (shared wallets) manage addresses and private keys for you, and pool all deposited coins.<br /> After you deposit coins to such a site they will almost always use coins you deposited to fulfill other customers’ withdrawals, maintaining your balance only as a centralised database entry.<br /> Similarly, when you go to withdraw coins to an external address, your withdrawal will probably consist entirely of coins last-sent-to some other customer’s deposit address and/or addresses used purely internally by the site to receive [[Change|change]].<br /> <br /> ''FIXME: diagram of typical shared wallet coin-pooling, picturing your freshly deposited coins being used satisfy another customer’s withdrawal, then someone else’s coins being used to satisfy yours.''<br /> <br /> In that case, the address Monica’s coins were last-sent-to might just be the deposit address of a completely unrelated user of the same shared wallet Monica uses, or at best, a change address used purely internally by the shared wallet, not associated with any particular user.<br /> Either way, Monica would be unlikely ever to recover what you sent.<br /> <br /> This wouldn’t be a problem if the last-sent-to address&lt;ref&gt;Or, more correctly, if the private key from which that address was derived was created with a local wallet.&lt;/ref&gt; was created with a local wallet such as Bitcoin QT, Electrum or Multibit — but you can’t safely assume that, and even if you know Monica used a local wallet recently she may have changed her habits when creating that address, or switched wallets since.<br /> <br /> This doesn’t mean shared wallets are misbehaving by pooling deposits;<br /> it’s necessary for keeping most coins in cold storage.<br /> The model has other benefits too;<br /> they can make more efficient use of block space (and reduce fees as a result) by grouping withdrawals &lt;ref&gt;Bitstamp does this.&lt;/ref&gt; and by handling transfers between customers internally, and provided they protect/expire their logs, they increase privacy.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recipient still has a copy of the private key ===<br /> <br /> Monica may have lost all copies of the last-sent-to address’s private key since paying you, so you may be destroying coins by sending them there.<br /> While this is unlikely if the interval is short, there are a multitude of ways to lose data:<br /> * accidental/naïve deletion; especially:<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/26xw2s/lost_all_my_btc_depressed_pointless_rant/ switching devices without keeping old wallet data]<br /> ** switching wallet software without keeping old wallet data<br /> ** spending a paper wallet or “physical” bitcoin then discarding it<br /> * physically losing the media<br /> * data corruption<br /> * device failure<br /> * forgotten password or death of the owner<br /> * bad app uninstall procedures<br /> <br /> and most people are pretty poor at keeping suitably regular/redundant backups.<br /> Even if Monica is fantastic at keeping regular backups, perhaps the private key is physically distant or requires some tedious recovery procedure, so it might be very inconvenient.<br /> <br /> === Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key ===<br /> <br /> Monica may have had her private keys extracted from her by an attacker:<br /> * fallen prey to malware<br /> * been socially engineered<br /> * been physically robbed/mugged<br /> * suffered from a bug in a common wallet<br /> <br /> or may have been negligent with it/underestimated attacks:<br /> * used a weak password<br /> * left her phone/laptop unattended and unlocked<br /> * used her wallet from a USB stick in an Internet café<br /> <br /> and have taken measures to recover, generating fresh keys/addresses.<br /> <br /> Another way Monica might not have exclusive control of the key is if she received the coins by someone handing her a paper wallet, as a present or tip.<br /> While a careful giver would be sure to wipe the private key from their wallet once they were sure it was spent, they may have forgotten, gone rogue or fallen victim to a wallet-stealing malware themselves.<br /> <br /> === Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions ===<br /> <br /> If Monica received those coins she used to pay you at a multisignature address, she may now lack sufficient signing keys to release anything you send there, and it may be inconvenient or impossible for her to get signatures from the other keyholders.<br /> For instance, maybe she used [https://www.bitrated.com/ Bitrated] and had a dispute resolved in her favour but the arbitrator she chose since discarded or lost their key, went rogue or died.<br /> Multisignature addresses are just one use of pay-to-script-hash, so you can’t even infer that a pay-to-script-hash is a multisignature address;<br /> she may have used a more exotic variety.<br /> <br /> Even if she received those coins with pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions&lt;ref&gt;Or, I guess, pay-to-pubkey.&lt;/ref&gt;, her transaction to you may have consumed multiple inputs.<br /> How are you going to distribute your repayment between those?<br /> Equally?<br /> Pick one at random?<br /> Existing use of [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.0 CoinJoin] probably involves people participating in a join between external transactions, as a separate privacy enhancement step, but as more implementations appear perhaps clients will support direct payments via CoinJoins.<br /> That would be a similar situation to the shared wallets point above.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recipient can work out the origin reliably ===<br /> <br /> This is more about respecting a payee’s preferred payment method and making life easy for them than about avoiding loss.<br /> To ease accounting (and other reasons) Monica might always create a dedicated address for every receive, and label it with the name of the expected sender and purpose of the transaction.<br /> If you send to an address Monica gave out to her employer, her accounts won’t balance.<br /> Assuming her employer and you both follow best practices regarding privacy/address re-use, she can’t tell anything about the mystery incoming funds with any certainty.<br /> <br /> In some business (and perhaps tax return) situations having an inexplicable imbalance on an account can be a serious compliance problem;<br /> while folks in that situation could delete all related keys to prevent that, you can’t be sure they have and even if they did, you’re destroying coins.<br /> <br /> === Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use ===<br /> <br /> Established security best practices discourage address re-use because when Monica sends you the restaurant bill, she reveals the public key for the last-sent-to address;<br /> before that, the world knew only the address (a hash of the public key) and would have had to perform a pre-image attack to find the public key.<br /> While it’s pretty unlikely, ECDSA is relatively new and could be found to be weak;<br /> private keys may somehow be found to be easily derived from public ones, exposing any unspent coins where the public key is known.<br /> <br /> Re-using addresses also probably increased the [http://tradeblock.com/research/security-vulnerability-in-all-android-bitcoin-wallets/ losses suffered via the Android SecureRandom bug], since [http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html exploiting it] required seeing two transactions with the same last-sent-to and the same r values.<br /> <br /> The discoverers of the OpenSSL ECDSA [http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/03/scientist-devised-crypto-attack-could-one-day-steal-secret-bitcoin-keys/ “FLUSH+RELOAD” attack] estimated that under the right conditions they could recover a private key by observing as few as 200 signatures (in Bitcoin’s case, typical transactions) made with it.<br /> <br /> Hopefully those are the last bugs we’ll see related to re-use, but we can’t be sure.<br /> <br /> Since it’s Monica’s money at stake here, the decision on whether these threats are significant should be up to her.<br /> <br /> === Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use ===<br /> <br /> [https://bitcoin.org/en/protect-your-privacy Established privacy best practices] discourage address re-use because it reduces privacy both for you and, [http://www.bitcoinnotbombs.com/innovations-that-enhance-bitcoin-anonymity/ infectiously], for all other users (most directly, people you transact with, but also to a lesser extent the people they transact with, and so on).<br /> Even if you feel the simpler key management is worth the privacy cost to you and the rest of the network, it’s more polite to avoid inflicting that cost on Monica any more than you already are — again, you should let her make her own decision on this.<br /> <br /> == Solutions ==<br /> <br /> If you’re telling someone about Bitcoin you should avoid mentioning the concept, except to explain how, in this respect, Bitcoin doesn’t operate like other payment systems or sender/receiver systems they might know.<br /> <br /> Tools like block explorers and wallets should either refrain from showing inferences altogether, or should show them only in an advanced mode — with the right name and a prominent list of reasons why they’re of academic interest only.<br /> Perhaps if folks make enough noise, they will.<br /> <br /> Uptake of the [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki payment protocol] and other such measures that deliver refund addresses in the same communication as payment requests/payments should be encouraged.<br /> These hide such dirty temptations from the user.<br /> <br /> Privacy-protecting wallets should be preferred, since those avoid address re-use anyway.<br /> <br /> &lt;hr/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''2014-05-30: incorporate feedback from Andrew Poelstra and Burrito. 2014-05-31: incorporate feedback from Greg Maxwell, btiefert, dsnrk. 2014-06-01: incorporate feedback from Luke-Jr.''<br /> <br /> ''Original source: [https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from-address https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from-address]''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=From_address&diff=64641 2017-12-23T21:30:36Z

<p>Nullius: Add new subsection discussing tx linkability, privacy, and incorrect assumptions</p> <hr /> <div>Bitcoin addresses are used to receive payments, but not to send them:<br /> there is no concept of a &quot;from&quot; address in Bitcoin.<br /> <br /> A common exchange on Bitcoin forums goes like this:<br /> * X: How do I see the address that a transaction came from?<br /> ** or: Why does my wallet software not tell me where transactions came from?<br /> * Y: (You can’t,) because there is no ‘from’ address.<br /> * X: What the hell do you mean? My transaction came from somewhere!<br /> This is an attempt to explain readably but fairly completely in one easily linkable place.<br /> <br /> == It depends what your definition of ‘from’ is ==<br /> <br /> OK, so before you had these coins, someone else had them&lt;ref&gt;Unless you were [[Coinbase|mining]].&lt;/ref&gt; — let’s say your friend Monica paid you back her share of your restaurant bill right there in the restaurant.<br /> The reason for avoiding the word ‘from’ is that in common English usage it’s tempting to assume that if something came ''from somewhere'', and you need to return it or correspond later about something else, that’s where you should ''return it to/reply to''.<br /> In the case of Bitcoin transactions (and actually often in the real world) this is an unreliable assumption;<br /> it confuses the who with the where/how.<br /> The distinction isn’t just [http://www.deadprogrammer.com/technically-correct pedantry];<br /> people (especially [[Satoshi Dice]] customers) have made this mistake and have lost money, so it’s primarily an effort to minimise such losses in future&lt;ref&gt;Secondarily, understanding why it’s unreliable is useful both for sound understanding of Bitcoin and for writing robust financial code that doesn’t lose other people’s money or cause support headaches for you.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> I suspect the following factors have contributed to the popularity of the “from” misconception:<br /> # We often learn by comparing new phenomena to those we’re already familiar with, and in most other payment systems and sender/recipient models the sender has a single permanent identifier.<br /> # Most blockchain explorers&lt;ref&gt;At least [https://blockexplorer.com blockexplorer.com], [https://blockchain.info blockchain.info], [https://biteasy.com biteasy.com] and [https://blockr.io blockr.io] (at time of writing).&lt;/ref&gt; attempt to show all last-sent-to addresses for a transaction in an effort to be user-friendly, and either show a suggestive arrow or even (in the case of blockexplorer.com) actually label the last-sent-to as “From”. All those I checked represent addresses as having a “balance” which tempts people to think addresses operate like bank accounts.<br /> # The depiction or use of addresses in some local wallets somewhat encourages it:<br /> #* Multibit prefers simpler key management over privacy, [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=208808.msg2191181#msg2191181 sending change “back” to one of the last-sent-to addresses]<br /> #* Electrum [https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from/electrum-screenshot represents addresses as having balances]<br /> # Vanity address use can easily be interpreted as meaning there’s a one-to-one relationship between people and addresses.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Why there’s no ‘from’ address ==<br /> <br /> === By analogy ===<br /> <br /> Relying on things that ''seem'' like ‘from’ addresses would be like:<br /> * getting on a train/bus that just arrived from where you want to go, in the hope that all trains/buses always turn around and head back the way they came<br /> * trying to reply to mail you recieved in a re-used envelope — by peeling the sticker bearing your address off, and using the previous address you find underneath<br /> * Looking at the routing and account numbers on a cheque you received, and then sending money to those numbers.<br /> <br /> ===In principle===<br /> <br /> The concept of a “from address” is inextricably entwined with ''transaction linkability''. Since Bitcoin has no “from address” in its design, the closest substitute in practice is a ''prior receiving address''. By implication, and usually without realizing it, people who speak of a “from address” assume that the money they receive must have been previously received at an address which can reliably discovered and linked in a chain of transactions.<br /> <br /> In addition to the other problems listed on this page, transactional linkability destroys [[Privacy|privacy]]. To protect privacy, there are active efforts in Bitcoin to make transactions unlinkable; in the abstract, this causes Bitcoin to behave somewhat more like bearer instruments, such as cash or gold coins. When you receive a physical currency note or a physical coin, there is obviously no “from address”; and you cannot attempt to construct one by examining the transactional history of the note or coin.<br /> <br /> === More technically ===<br /> <br /> At the protocol level, when looking at a transaction in isolation as it appears on the wire or in a block, no part of it directly encodes a “from”.<br /> A transaction provides solutions for some challenges and poses some new challenges, both in the form of [[Script|scripts]]&lt;ref&gt;Although in practice the network currently limits solution scripts to providing solutions directly; solution scripts can’t compute anything.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> .<br /> Here’s one way to depict that for a transaction like [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 e9e2....5063]:<br /> <br /> [[Image:4ce9ef5f165d910881386f1d65fe1bf93b66ada3.png]]<br /> <br /> None of the &lt;code&gt;prev_outs&lt;/code&gt; in the [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 decoded version] directly encode addresses in any form.<br /> It does encode ''indirect references'' to unspent coins, and maybe for some unspent coins you can infer something about ''their'' previous destination, but conceptually those are at best references to previous “to” addresses.<br /> Even that inference is not always sensible (advanced transactions will probably [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 defeat] [https://blockchain.info/tx/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f?show_adv=true most] [https://www.biteasy.com/blockchain/transactions/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f block] [http://blockr.io/tx/info/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f explorers]) and is never necessary or appropriate in everyday use of Bitcoin. The rest of this post will use the term “''last-sent-to'' address”&lt;ref&gt;Because transactions are multiple-input, multiple-output, it’s really “all last-sent-to addresses”, since without assumptions you’ve no information about whether any one is more valid than any other.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Unreliable assumptions ==<br /> <br /> So when and how does sending to the last-sent-to address fail?<br /> Suppose you carefully reconcile your personal accounts at the end of each month and notice then that Monica overpaid.<br /> Now you need to return some of the money.<br /> If you send to the last-sent-to address, you’re relying on the assumptions that Monica:<br /> * uses a local wallet rather than a shared/web wallet<br /> * didn’t drop her phone in a puddle in the meantime<br /> * didn’t have her phone stolen in the meantime<br /> * used coins she received via a simple transaction to pay you<br /> * knows (or can definitely work out) who is sending that money to her and why<br /> * is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use<br /> * is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use<br /> <br /> If any of these assumptions turn out to be untrue you’ll lose coins, inconvenience Monica, or both.<br /> Since this is more than you’re likely to know with sufficient confidence about her without checking with her, it’s safer and easier simply to ask her for the correct address to send the overpayment to (hopefully a freshly generated, dedicated one) when you communicate.<br /> <br /> The following sections briefly look at why each listed assumption about the last-sent-to address is risky.<br /> <br /> * [[#Recipient created the private key|Recipient created the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient still has a copy of the private key|Recipient still has a copy of the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key|Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions|Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions]]<br /> * [[#Recipient can work out the origin reliably|Recipient can work out the origin reliably]]<br /> * [[#Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use|Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use]]<br /> * [[#Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use|Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use]]<br /> <br /> === Recipient created the private key ===<br /> <br /> Many web wallets/exchanges&lt;ref&gt;Besides some sites that provide nothing but wallet services, this includes some centralised exchanges, peer-to-peer or escrow-based exchanges, betting sites, mining pools — any site that holds coins on your behalf and doesn’t give you exclusive access to your private key, or sufficient multisig control of your coins.&lt;/ref&gt; (shared wallets) manage addresses and private keys for you, and pool all deposited coins.<br /> After you deposit coins to such a site they will almost always use coins you deposited to fulfill other customers’ withdrawals, maintaining your balance only as a centralised database entry.<br /> Similarly, when you go to withdraw coins to an external address, your withdrawal will probably consist entirely of coins last-sent-to some other customer’s deposit address and/or addresses used purely internally by the site to receive [[Change|change]].<br /> <br /> ''FIXME: diagram of typical shared wallet coin-pooling, picturing your freshly deposited coins being used satisfy another customer’s withdrawal, then someone else’s coins being used to satisfy yours.''<br /> <br /> In that case, the address Monica’s coins were last-sent-to might just be the deposit address of a completely unrelated user of the same shared wallet Monica uses, or at best, a change address used purely internally by the shared wallet, not associated with any particular user.<br /> Either way, Monica would be unlikely ever to recover what you sent.<br /> <br /> This wouldn’t be a problem if the last-sent-to address&lt;ref&gt;Or, more correctly, if the private key from which that address was derived was created with a local wallet.&lt;/ref&gt; was created with a local wallet such as Bitcoin QT, Electrum or Multibit — but you can’t safely assume that, and even if you know Monica used a local wallet recently she may have changed her habits when creating that address, or switched wallets since.<br /> <br /> This doesn’t mean shared wallets are misbehaving by pooling deposits;<br /> it’s necessary for keeping most coins in cold storage.<br /> The model has other benefits too;<br /> they can make more efficient use of block space (and reduce fees as a result) by grouping withdrawals &lt;ref&gt;Bitstamp does this.&lt;/ref&gt; and by handling transfers between customers internally, and provided they protect/expire their logs, they increase privacy.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recipient still has a copy of the private key ===<br /> <br /> Monica may have lost all copies of the last-sent-to address’s private key since paying you, so you may be destroying coins by sending them there.<br /> While this is unlikely if the interval is short, there are a multitude of ways to lose data:<br /> * accidental/naïve deletion; especially:<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/26xw2s/lost_all_my_btc_depressed_pointless_rant/ switching devices without keeping old wallet data]<br /> ** switching wallet software without keeping old wallet data<br /> ** spending a paper wallet or “physical” bitcoin then discarding it<br /> * physically losing the media<br /> * data corruption<br /> * device failure<br /> * forgotten password or death of the owner<br /> * bad app uninstall procedures<br /> <br /> and most people are pretty poor at keeping suitably regular/redundant backups.<br /> Even if Monica is fantastic at keeping regular backups, perhaps the private key is physically distant or requires some tedious recovery procedure, so it might be very inconvenient.<br /> <br /> === Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key ===<br /> <br /> Monica may have had her private keys extracted from her by an attacker:<br /> * fallen prey to malware<br /> * been socially engineered<br /> * been physically robbed/mugged<br /> * suffered from a bug in a common wallet<br /> <br /> or may have been negligent with it/underestimated attacks:<br /> * used a weak password<br /> * left her phone/laptop unattended and unlocked<br /> * used her wallet from a USB stick in an Internet café<br /> <br /> and have taken measures to recover, generating fresh keys/addresses.<br /> <br /> Another way Monica might not have exclusive control of the key is if she received the coins by someone handing her a paper wallet, as a present or tip.<br /> While a careful giver would be sure to wipe the private key from their wallet once they were sure it was spent, they may have forgotten, gone rogue or fallen victim to a wallet-stealing malware themselves.<br /> <br /> === Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions ===<br /> <br /> If Monica received those coins she used to pay you at a multisignature address, she may now lack sufficient signing keys to release anything you send there, and it may be inconvenient or impossible for her to get signatures from the other keyholders.<br /> For instance, maybe she used [https://www.bitrated.com/ Bitrated] and had a dispute resolved in her favour but the arbitrator she chose since discarded or lost their key, went rogue or died.<br /> Multisignature addresses are just one use of pay-to-script-hash, so you can’t even infer that a pay-to-script-hash is a multisignature address;<br /> she may have used a more exotic variety.<br /> <br /> Even if she received those coins with pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions&lt;ref&gt;Or, I guess, pay-to-pubkey.&lt;/ref&gt;, her transaction to you may have consumed multiple inputs.<br /> How are you going to distribute your repayment between those?<br /> Equally?<br /> Pick one at random?<br /> Existing use of [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.0 CoinJoin] probably involves people participating in a join between external transactions, as a separate privacy enhancement step, but as more implementations appear perhaps clients will support direct payments via CoinJoins.<br /> That would be a similar situation to the shared wallets point above.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recipient can work out the origin reliably ===<br /> <br /> This is more about respecting a payee’s preferred payment method and making life easy for them than about avoiding loss.<br /> To ease accounting (and other reasons) Monica might always create a dedicated address for every receive, and label it with the name of the expected sender and purpose of the transaction.<br /> If you send to an address Monica gave out to her employer, her accounts won’t balance.<br /> Assuming her employer and you both follow best practices regarding privacy/address re-use, she can’t tell anything about the mystery incoming funds with any certainty.<br /> <br /> In some business (and perhaps tax return) situations having an inexplicable imbalance on an account can be a serious compliance problem;<br /> while folks in that situation could delete all related keys to prevent that, you can’t be sure they have and even if they did, you’re destroying coins.<br /> <br /> === Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use ===<br /> <br /> Established security best practices discourage address re-use because when Monica sends you the restaurant bill, she reveals the public key for the last-sent-to address;<br /> before that, the world knew only the address (a hash of the public key) and would have had to perform a pre-image attack to find the public key.<br /> While it’s pretty unlikely, ECDSA is relatively new and could be found to be weak;<br /> private keys may somehow be found to be easily derived from public ones, exposing any unspent coins where the public key is known.<br /> <br /> Re-using addresses also probably increased the [http://tradeblock.com/research/security-vulnerability-in-all-android-bitcoin-wallets/ losses suffered via the Android SecureRandom bug], since [http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html exploiting it] required seeing two transactions with the same last-sent-to and the same r values.<br /> <br /> The discoverers of the OpenSSL ECDSA [http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/03/scientist-devised-crypto-attack-could-one-day-steal-secret-bitcoin-keys/ “FLUSH+RELOAD” attack] estimated that under the right conditions they could recover a private key by observing as few as 200 signatures (in Bitcoin’s case, typical transactions) made with it.<br /> <br /> Hopefully those are the last bugs we’ll see related to re-use, but we can’t be sure.<br /> <br /> Since it’s Monica’s money at stake here, the decision on whether these threats are significant should be up to her.<br /> <br /> === Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use ===<br /> <br /> [https://bitcoin.org/en/protect-your-privacy Established privacy best practices] discourage address re-use because it reduces privacy both for you and, [http://www.bitcoinnotbombs.com/innovations-that-enhance-bitcoin-anonymity/ infectiously], for all other users (most directly, people you transact with, but also to a lesser extent the people they transact with, and so on).<br /> Even if you feel the simpler key management is worth the privacy cost to you and the rest of the network, it’s more polite to avoid inflicting that cost on Monica any more than you already are — again, you should let her make her own decision on this.<br /> <br /> == Solutions ==<br /> <br /> If you’re telling someone about Bitcoin you should avoid mentioning the concept, except to explain how, in this respect, Bitcoin doesn’t operate like other payment systems or sender/receiver systems they might know.<br /> <br /> Tools like block explorers and wallets should either refrain from showing inferences altogether, or should show them only in an advanced mode — with the right name and a prominent list of reasons why they’re of academic interest only.<br /> Perhaps if folks make enough noise, they will.<br /> <br /> Uptake of the [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki payment protocol] and other such measures that deliver refund addresses in the same communication as payment requests/payments should be encouraged.<br /> These hide such dirty temptations from the user.<br /> <br /> Privacy-protecting wallets should be preferred, since those avoid address re-use anyway.<br /> <br /> &lt;hr/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''2014-05-30: incorporate feedback from Andrew Poelstra and Burrito. 2014-05-31: incorporate feedback from Greg Maxwell, btiefert, dsnrk. 2014-06-01: incorporate feedback from Luke-Jr.''<br /> <br /> ''Original source: [https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from-address https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from-address]''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=From_address&diff=64640 2017-12-23T21:24:23Z

<p>Nullius: Add another analogy.</p> <hr /> <div>Bitcoin addresses are used to receive payments, but not to send them:<br /> there is no concept of a &quot;from&quot; address in Bitcoin.<br /> <br /> A common exchange on Bitcoin forums goes like this:<br /> * X: How do I see the address that a transaction came from?<br /> ** or: Why does my wallet software not tell me where transactions came from?<br /> * Y: (You can’t,) because there is no ‘from’ address.<br /> * X: What the hell do you mean? My transaction came from somewhere!<br /> This is an attempt to explain readably but fairly completely in one easily linkable place.<br /> <br /> == It depends what your definition of ‘from’ is ==<br /> <br /> OK, so before you had these coins, someone else had them&lt;ref&gt;Unless you were [[Coinbase|mining]].&lt;/ref&gt; — let’s say your friend Monica paid you back her share of your restaurant bill right there in the restaurant.<br /> The reason for avoiding the word ‘from’ is that in common English usage it’s tempting to assume that if something came ''from somewhere'', and you need to return it or correspond later about something else, that’s where you should ''return it to/reply to''.<br /> In the case of Bitcoin transactions (and actually often in the real world) this is an unreliable assumption;<br /> it confuses the who with the where/how.<br /> The distinction isn’t just [http://www.deadprogrammer.com/technically-correct pedantry];<br /> people (especially [[Satoshi Dice]] customers) have made this mistake and have lost money, so it’s primarily an effort to minimise such losses in future&lt;ref&gt;Secondarily, understanding why it’s unreliable is useful both for sound understanding of Bitcoin and for writing robust financial code that doesn’t lose other people’s money or cause support headaches for you.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> I suspect the following factors have contributed to the popularity of the “from” misconception:<br /> # We often learn by comparing new phenomena to those we’re already familiar with, and in most other payment systems and sender/recipient models the sender has a single permanent identifier.<br /> # Most blockchain explorers&lt;ref&gt;At least [https://blockexplorer.com blockexplorer.com], [https://blockchain.info blockchain.info], [https://biteasy.com biteasy.com] and [https://blockr.io blockr.io] (at time of writing).&lt;/ref&gt; attempt to show all last-sent-to addresses for a transaction in an effort to be user-friendly, and either show a suggestive arrow or even (in the case of blockexplorer.com) actually label the last-sent-to as “From”. All those I checked represent addresses as having a “balance” which tempts people to think addresses operate like bank accounts.<br /> # The depiction or use of addresses in some local wallets somewhat encourages it:<br /> #* Multibit prefers simpler key management over privacy, [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=208808.msg2191181#msg2191181 sending change “back” to one of the last-sent-to addresses]<br /> #* Electrum [https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from/electrum-screenshot represents addresses as having balances]<br /> # Vanity address use can easily be interpreted as meaning there’s a one-to-one relationship between people and addresses.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Why there’s no ‘from’ address ==<br /> <br /> === By analogy ===<br /> <br /> Relying on things that ''seem'' like ‘from’ addresses would be like:<br /> * getting on a train/bus that just arrived from where you want to go, in the hope that all trains/buses always turn around and head back the way they came<br /> * trying to reply to mail you recieved in a re-used envelope — by peeling the sticker bearing your address off, and using the previous address you find underneath<br /> * Looking at the routing and account numbers on a cheque you received, and then sending money to those numbers.<br /> <br /> === More technically ===<br /> <br /> At the protocol level, when looking at a transaction in isolation as it appears on the wire or in a block, no part of it directly encodes a “from”.<br /> A transaction provides solutions for some challenges and poses some new challenges, both in the form of [[Script|scripts]]&lt;ref&gt;Although in practice the network currently limits solution scripts to providing solutions directly; solution scripts can’t compute anything.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> .<br /> Here’s one way to depict that for a transaction like [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 e9e2....5063]:<br /> <br /> [[Image:4ce9ef5f165d910881386f1d65fe1bf93b66ada3.png]]<br /> <br /> None of the &lt;code&gt;prev_outs&lt;/code&gt; in the [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 decoded version] directly encode addresses in any form.<br /> It does encode ''indirect references'' to unspent coins, and maybe for some unspent coins you can infer something about ''their'' previous destination, but conceptually those are at best references to previous “to” addresses.<br /> Even that inference is not always sensible (advanced transactions will probably [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 defeat] [https://blockchain.info/tx/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f?show_adv=true most] [https://www.biteasy.com/blockchain/transactions/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f block] [http://blockr.io/tx/info/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f explorers]) and is never necessary or appropriate in everyday use of Bitcoin. The rest of this post will use the term “''last-sent-to'' address”&lt;ref&gt;Because transactions are multiple-input, multiple-output, it’s really “all last-sent-to addresses”, since without assumptions you’ve no information about whether any one is more valid than any other.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Unreliable assumptions ==<br /> <br /> So when and how does sending to the last-sent-to address fail?<br /> Suppose you carefully reconcile your personal accounts at the end of each month and notice then that Monica overpaid.<br /> Now you need to return some of the money.<br /> If you send to the last-sent-to address, you’re relying on the assumptions that Monica:<br /> * uses a local wallet rather than a shared/web wallet<br /> * didn’t drop her phone in a puddle in the meantime<br /> * didn’t have her phone stolen in the meantime<br /> * used coins she received via a simple transaction to pay you<br /> * knows (or can definitely work out) who is sending that money to her and why<br /> * is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use<br /> * is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use<br /> <br /> If any of these assumptions turn out to be untrue you’ll lose coins, inconvenience Monica, or both.<br /> Since this is more than you’re likely to know with sufficient confidence about her without checking with her, it’s safer and easier simply to ask her for the correct address to send the overpayment to (hopefully a freshly generated, dedicated one) when you communicate.<br /> <br /> The following sections briefly look at why each listed assumption about the last-sent-to address is risky.<br /> <br /> * [[#Recipient created the private key|Recipient created the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient still has a copy of the private key|Recipient still has a copy of the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key|Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions|Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions]]<br /> * [[#Recipient can work out the origin reliably|Recipient can work out the origin reliably]]<br /> * [[#Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use|Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use]]<br /> * [[#Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use|Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use]]<br /> <br /> === Recipient created the private key ===<br /> <br /> Many web wallets/exchanges&lt;ref&gt;Besides some sites that provide nothing but wallet services, this includes some centralised exchanges, peer-to-peer or escrow-based exchanges, betting sites, mining pools — any site that holds coins on your behalf and doesn’t give you exclusive access to your private key, or sufficient multisig control of your coins.&lt;/ref&gt; (shared wallets) manage addresses and private keys for you, and pool all deposited coins.<br /> After you deposit coins to such a site they will almost always use coins you deposited to fulfill other customers’ withdrawals, maintaining your balance only as a centralised database entry.<br /> Similarly, when you go to withdraw coins to an external address, your withdrawal will probably consist entirely of coins last-sent-to some other customer’s deposit address and/or addresses used purely internally by the site to receive [[Change|change]].<br /> <br /> ''FIXME: diagram of typical shared wallet coin-pooling, picturing your freshly deposited coins being used satisfy another customer’s withdrawal, then someone else’s coins being used to satisfy yours.''<br /> <br /> In that case, the address Monica’s coins were last-sent-to might just be the deposit address of a completely unrelated user of the same shared wallet Monica uses, or at best, a change address used purely internally by the shared wallet, not associated with any particular user.<br /> Either way, Monica would be unlikely ever to recover what you sent.<br /> <br /> This wouldn’t be a problem if the last-sent-to address&lt;ref&gt;Or, more correctly, if the private key from which that address was derived was created with a local wallet.&lt;/ref&gt; was created with a local wallet such as Bitcoin QT, Electrum or Multibit — but you can’t safely assume that, and even if you know Monica used a local wallet recently she may have changed her habits when creating that address, or switched wallets since.<br /> <br /> This doesn’t mean shared wallets are misbehaving by pooling deposits;<br /> it’s necessary for keeping most coins in cold storage.<br /> The model has other benefits too;<br /> they can make more efficient use of block space (and reduce fees as a result) by grouping withdrawals &lt;ref&gt;Bitstamp does this.&lt;/ref&gt; and by handling transfers between customers internally, and provided they protect/expire their logs, they increase privacy.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recipient still has a copy of the private key ===<br /> <br /> Monica may have lost all copies of the last-sent-to address’s private key since paying you, so you may be destroying coins by sending them there.<br /> While this is unlikely if the interval is short, there are a multitude of ways to lose data:<br /> * accidental/naïve deletion; especially:<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/26xw2s/lost_all_my_btc_depressed_pointless_rant/ switching devices without keeping old wallet data]<br /> ** switching wallet software without keeping old wallet data<br /> ** spending a paper wallet or “physical” bitcoin then discarding it<br /> * physically losing the media<br /> * data corruption<br /> * device failure<br /> * forgotten password or death of the owner<br /> * bad app uninstall procedures<br /> <br /> and most people are pretty poor at keeping suitably regular/redundant backups.<br /> Even if Monica is fantastic at keeping regular backups, perhaps the private key is physically distant or requires some tedious recovery procedure, so it might be very inconvenient.<br /> <br /> === Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key ===<br /> <br /> Monica may have had her private keys extracted from her by an attacker:<br /> * fallen prey to malware<br /> * been socially engineered<br /> * been physically robbed/mugged<br /> * suffered from a bug in a common wallet<br /> <br /> or may have been negligent with it/underestimated attacks:<br /> * used a weak password<br /> * left her phone/laptop unattended and unlocked<br /> * used her wallet from a USB stick in an Internet café<br /> <br /> and have taken measures to recover, generating fresh keys/addresses.<br /> <br /> Another way Monica might not have exclusive control of the key is if she received the coins by someone handing her a paper wallet, as a present or tip.<br /> While a careful giver would be sure to wipe the private key from their wallet once they were sure it was spent, they may have forgotten, gone rogue or fallen victim to a wallet-stealing malware themselves.<br /> <br /> === Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions ===<br /> <br /> If Monica received those coins she used to pay you at a multisignature address, she may now lack sufficient signing keys to release anything you send there, and it may be inconvenient or impossible for her to get signatures from the other keyholders.<br /> For instance, maybe she used [https://www.bitrated.com/ Bitrated] and had a dispute resolved in her favour but the arbitrator she chose since discarded or lost their key, went rogue or died.<br /> Multisignature addresses are just one use of pay-to-script-hash, so you can’t even infer that a pay-to-script-hash is a multisignature address;<br /> she may have used a more exotic variety.<br /> <br /> Even if she received those coins with pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions&lt;ref&gt;Or, I guess, pay-to-pubkey.&lt;/ref&gt;, her transaction to you may have consumed multiple inputs.<br /> How are you going to distribute your repayment between those?<br /> Equally?<br /> Pick one at random?<br /> Existing use of [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.0 CoinJoin] probably involves people participating in a join between external transactions, as a separate privacy enhancement step, but as more implementations appear perhaps clients will support direct payments via CoinJoins.<br /> That would be a similar situation to the shared wallets point above.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recipient can work out the origin reliably ===<br /> <br /> This is more about respecting a payee’s preferred payment method and making life easy for them than about avoiding loss.<br /> To ease accounting (and other reasons) Monica might always create a dedicated address for every receive, and label it with the name of the expected sender and purpose of the transaction.<br /> If you send to an address Monica gave out to her employer, her accounts won’t balance.<br /> Assuming her employer and you both follow best practices regarding privacy/address re-use, she can’t tell anything about the mystery incoming funds with any certainty.<br /> <br /> In some business (and perhaps tax return) situations having an inexplicable imbalance on an account can be a serious compliance problem;<br /> while folks in that situation could delete all related keys to prevent that, you can’t be sure they have and even if they did, you’re destroying coins.<br /> <br /> === Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use ===<br /> <br /> Established security best practices discourage address re-use because when Monica sends you the restaurant bill, she reveals the public key for the last-sent-to address;<br /> before that, the world knew only the address (a hash of the public key) and would have had to perform a pre-image attack to find the public key.<br /> While it’s pretty unlikely, ECDSA is relatively new and could be found to be weak;<br /> private keys may somehow be found to be easily derived from public ones, exposing any unspent coins where the public key is known.<br /> <br /> Re-using addresses also probably increased the [http://tradeblock.com/research/security-vulnerability-in-all-android-bitcoin-wallets/ losses suffered via the Android SecureRandom bug], since [http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html exploiting it] required seeing two transactions with the same last-sent-to and the same r values.<br /> <br /> The discoverers of the OpenSSL ECDSA [http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/03/scientist-devised-crypto-attack-could-one-day-steal-secret-bitcoin-keys/ “FLUSH+RELOAD” attack] estimated that under the right conditions they could recover a private key by observing as few as 200 signatures (in Bitcoin’s case, typical transactions) made with it.<br /> <br /> Hopefully those are the last bugs we’ll see related to re-use, but we can’t be sure.<br /> <br /> Since it’s Monica’s money at stake here, the decision on whether these threats are significant should be up to her.<br /> <br /> === Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use ===<br /> <br /> [https://bitcoin.org/en/protect-your-privacy Established privacy best practices] discourage address re-use because it reduces privacy both for you and, [http://www.bitcoinnotbombs.com/innovations-that-enhance-bitcoin-anonymity/ infectiously], for all other users (most directly, people you transact with, but also to a lesser extent the people they transact with, and so on).<br /> Even if you feel the simpler key management is worth the privacy cost to you and the rest of the network, it’s more polite to avoid inflicting that cost on Monica any more than you already are — again, you should let her make her own decision on this.<br /> <br /> == Solutions ==<br /> <br /> If you’re telling someone about Bitcoin you should avoid mentioning the concept, except to explain how, in this respect, Bitcoin doesn’t operate like other payment systems or sender/receiver systems they might know.<br /> <br /> Tools like block explorers and wallets should either refrain from showing inferences altogether, or should show them only in an advanced mode — with the right name and a prominent list of reasons why they’re of academic interest only.<br /> Perhaps if folks make enough noise, they will.<br /> <br /> Uptake of the [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki payment protocol] and other such measures that deliver refund addresses in the same communication as payment requests/payments should be encouraged.<br /> These hide such dirty temptations from the user.<br /> <br /> Privacy-protecting wallets should be preferred, since those avoid address re-use anyway.<br /> <br /> &lt;hr/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''2014-05-30: incorporate feedback from Andrew Poelstra and Burrito. 2014-05-31: incorporate feedback from Greg Maxwell, btiefert, dsnrk. 2014-06-01: incorporate feedback from Luke-Jr.''<br /> <br /> ''Original source: [https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from-address https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from-address]''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=From_address&diff=64639 2017-12-23T21:22:38Z

<p>Nullius: Delete “we’re doomed” pointless comment (melodrama/FUD).</p> <hr /> <div>Bitcoin addresses are used to receive payments, but not to send them:<br /> there is no concept of a &quot;from&quot; address in Bitcoin.<br /> <br /> A common exchange on Bitcoin forums goes like this:<br /> * X: How do I see the address that a transaction came from?<br /> ** or: Why does my wallet software not tell me where transactions came from?<br /> * Y: (You can’t,) because there is no ‘from’ address.<br /> * X: What the hell do you mean? My transaction came from somewhere!<br /> This is an attempt to explain readably but fairly completely in one easily linkable place.<br /> <br /> == It depends what your definition of ‘from’ is ==<br /> <br /> OK, so before you had these coins, someone else had them&lt;ref&gt;Unless you were [[Coinbase|mining]].&lt;/ref&gt; — let’s say your friend Monica paid you back her share of your restaurant bill right there in the restaurant.<br /> The reason for avoiding the word ‘from’ is that in common English usage it’s tempting to assume that if something came ''from somewhere'', and you need to return it or correspond later about something else, that’s where you should ''return it to/reply to''.<br /> In the case of Bitcoin transactions (and actually often in the real world) this is an unreliable assumption;<br /> it confuses the who with the where/how.<br /> The distinction isn’t just [http://www.deadprogrammer.com/technically-correct pedantry];<br /> people (especially [[Satoshi Dice]] customers) have made this mistake and have lost money, so it’s primarily an effort to minimise such losses in future&lt;ref&gt;Secondarily, understanding why it’s unreliable is useful both for sound understanding of Bitcoin and for writing robust financial code that doesn’t lose other people’s money or cause support headaches for you.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> I suspect the following factors have contributed to the popularity of the “from” misconception:<br /> # We often learn by comparing new phenomena to those we’re already familiar with, and in most other payment systems and sender/recipient models the sender has a single permanent identifier.<br /> # Most blockchain explorers&lt;ref&gt;At least [https://blockexplorer.com blockexplorer.com], [https://blockchain.info blockchain.info], [https://biteasy.com biteasy.com] and [https://blockr.io blockr.io] (at time of writing).&lt;/ref&gt; attempt to show all last-sent-to addresses for a transaction in an effort to be user-friendly, and either show a suggestive arrow or even (in the case of blockexplorer.com) actually label the last-sent-to as “From”. All those I checked represent addresses as having a “balance” which tempts people to think addresses operate like bank accounts.<br /> # The depiction or use of addresses in some local wallets somewhat encourages it:<br /> #* Multibit prefers simpler key management over privacy, [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=208808.msg2191181#msg2191181 sending change “back” to one of the last-sent-to addresses]<br /> #* Electrum [https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from/electrum-screenshot represents addresses as having balances]<br /> # Vanity address use can easily be interpreted as meaning there’s a one-to-one relationship between people and addresses.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Why there’s no ‘from’ address ==<br /> <br /> === By analogy ===<br /> <br /> Relying on things that ''seem'' like ‘from’ addresses would be like:<br /> * getting on a train/bus that just arrived from where you want to go, in the hope that all trains/buses always turn around and head back the way they came<br /> * trying to reply to mail you recieved in a re-used envelope — by peeling the sticker bearing your address off, and using the previous address you find underneath<br /> <br /> === More technically ===<br /> <br /> At the protocol level, when looking at a transaction in isolation as it appears on the wire or in a block, no part of it directly encodes a “from”.<br /> A transaction provides solutions for some challenges and poses some new challenges, both in the form of [[Script|scripts]]&lt;ref&gt;Although in practice the network currently limits solution scripts to providing solutions directly; solution scripts can’t compute anything.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> .<br /> Here’s one way to depict that for a transaction like [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 e9e2....5063]:<br /> <br /> [[Image:4ce9ef5f165d910881386f1d65fe1bf93b66ada3.png]]<br /> <br /> None of the &lt;code&gt;prev_outs&lt;/code&gt; in the [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 decoded version] directly encode addresses in any form.<br /> It does encode ''indirect references'' to unspent coins, and maybe for some unspent coins you can infer something about ''their'' previous destination, but conceptually those are at best references to previous “to” addresses.<br /> Even that inference is not always sensible (advanced transactions will probably [https://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/e9e2c646890be8aa2f32b221e1ac771467839a660dab1e269d1b6d8c11b25063 defeat] [https://blockchain.info/tx/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f?show_adv=true most] [https://www.biteasy.com/blockchain/transactions/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f block] [http://blockr.io/tx/info/54fabd73f1d20c980a0686bf0035078e07f69c58437e4d586fb29aa0bee9814f explorers]) and is never necessary or appropriate in everyday use of Bitcoin. The rest of this post will use the term “''last-sent-to'' address”&lt;ref&gt;Because transactions are multiple-input, multiple-output, it’s really “all last-sent-to addresses”, since without assumptions you’ve no information about whether any one is more valid than any other.&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Unreliable assumptions ==<br /> <br /> So when and how does sending to the last-sent-to address fail?<br /> Suppose you carefully reconcile your personal accounts at the end of each month and notice then that Monica overpaid.<br /> Now you need to return some of the money.<br /> If you send to the last-sent-to address, you’re relying on the assumptions that Monica:<br /> * uses a local wallet rather than a shared/web wallet<br /> * didn’t drop her phone in a puddle in the meantime<br /> * didn’t have her phone stolen in the meantime<br /> * used coins she received via a simple transaction to pay you<br /> * knows (or can definitely work out) who is sending that money to her and why<br /> * is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use<br /> * is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use<br /> <br /> If any of these assumptions turn out to be untrue you’ll lose coins, inconvenience Monica, or both.<br /> Since this is more than you’re likely to know with sufficient confidence about her without checking with her, it’s safer and easier simply to ask her for the correct address to send the overpayment to (hopefully a freshly generated, dedicated one) when you communicate.<br /> <br /> The following sections briefly look at why each listed assumption about the last-sent-to address is risky.<br /> <br /> * [[#Recipient created the private key|Recipient created the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient still has a copy of the private key|Recipient still has a copy of the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key|Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key]]<br /> * [[#Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions|Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions]]<br /> * [[#Recipient can work out the origin reliably|Recipient can work out the origin reliably]]<br /> * [[#Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use|Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use]]<br /> * [[#Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use|Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use]]<br /> <br /> === Recipient created the private key ===<br /> <br /> Many web wallets/exchanges&lt;ref&gt;Besides some sites that provide nothing but wallet services, this includes some centralised exchanges, peer-to-peer or escrow-based exchanges, betting sites, mining pools — any site that holds coins on your behalf and doesn’t give you exclusive access to your private key, or sufficient multisig control of your coins.&lt;/ref&gt; (shared wallets) manage addresses and private keys for you, and pool all deposited coins.<br /> After you deposit coins to such a site they will almost always use coins you deposited to fulfill other customers’ withdrawals, maintaining your balance only as a centralised database entry.<br /> Similarly, when you go to withdraw coins to an external address, your withdrawal will probably consist entirely of coins last-sent-to some other customer’s deposit address and/or addresses used purely internally by the site to receive [[Change|change]].<br /> <br /> ''FIXME: diagram of typical shared wallet coin-pooling, picturing your freshly deposited coins being used satisfy another customer’s withdrawal, then someone else’s coins being used to satisfy yours.''<br /> <br /> In that case, the address Monica’s coins were last-sent-to might just be the deposit address of a completely unrelated user of the same shared wallet Monica uses, or at best, a change address used purely internally by the shared wallet, not associated with any particular user.<br /> Either way, Monica would be unlikely ever to recover what you sent.<br /> <br /> This wouldn’t be a problem if the last-sent-to address&lt;ref&gt;Or, more correctly, if the private key from which that address was derived was created with a local wallet.&lt;/ref&gt; was created with a local wallet such as Bitcoin QT, Electrum or Multibit — but you can’t safely assume that, and even if you know Monica used a local wallet recently she may have changed her habits when creating that address, or switched wallets since.<br /> <br /> This doesn’t mean shared wallets are misbehaving by pooling deposits;<br /> it’s necessary for keeping most coins in cold storage.<br /> The model has other benefits too;<br /> they can make more efficient use of block space (and reduce fees as a result) by grouping withdrawals &lt;ref&gt;Bitstamp does this.&lt;/ref&gt; and by handling transfers between customers internally, and provided they protect/expire their logs, they increase privacy.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recipient still has a copy of the private key ===<br /> <br /> Monica may have lost all copies of the last-sent-to address’s private key since paying you, so you may be destroying coins by sending them there.<br /> While this is unlikely if the interval is short, there are a multitude of ways to lose data:<br /> * accidental/naïve deletion; especially:<br /> ** [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/26xw2s/lost_all_my_btc_depressed_pointless_rant/ switching devices without keeping old wallet data]<br /> ** switching wallet software without keeping old wallet data<br /> ** spending a paper wallet or “physical” bitcoin then discarding it<br /> * physically losing the media<br /> * data corruption<br /> * device failure<br /> * forgotten password or death of the owner<br /> * bad app uninstall procedures<br /> <br /> and most people are pretty poor at keeping suitably regular/redundant backups.<br /> Even if Monica is fantastic at keeping regular backups, perhaps the private key is physically distant or requires some tedious recovery procedure, so it might be very inconvenient.<br /> <br /> === Recipient has maintained exclusive control of the private key ===<br /> <br /> Monica may have had her private keys extracted from her by an attacker:<br /> * fallen prey to malware<br /> * been socially engineered<br /> * been physically robbed/mugged<br /> * suffered from a bug in a common wallet<br /> <br /> or may have been negligent with it/underestimated attacks:<br /> * used a weak password<br /> * left her phone/laptop unattended and unlocked<br /> * used her wallet from a USB stick in an Internet café<br /> <br /> and have taken measures to recover, generating fresh keys/addresses.<br /> <br /> Another way Monica might not have exclusive control of the key is if she received the coins by someone handing her a paper wallet, as a present or tip.<br /> While a careful giver would be sure to wipe the private key from their wallet once they were sure it was spent, they may have forgotten, gone rogue or fallen victim to a wallet-stealing malware themselves.<br /> <br /> === Recipient used coins they recieved through pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions ===<br /> <br /> If Monica received those coins she used to pay you at a multisignature address, she may now lack sufficient signing keys to release anything you send there, and it may be inconvenient or impossible for her to get signatures from the other keyholders.<br /> For instance, maybe she used [https://www.bitrated.com/ Bitrated] and had a dispute resolved in her favour but the arbitrator she chose since discarded or lost their key, went rogue or died.<br /> Multisignature addresses are just one use of pay-to-script-hash, so you can’t even infer that a pay-to-script-hash is a multisignature address;<br /> she may have used a more exotic variety.<br /> <br /> Even if she received those coins with pay-to-pubkey-hash transactions&lt;ref&gt;Or, I guess, pay-to-pubkey.&lt;/ref&gt;, her transaction to you may have consumed multiple inputs.<br /> How are you going to distribute your repayment between those?<br /> Equally?<br /> Pick one at random?<br /> Existing use of [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.0 CoinJoin] probably involves people participating in a join between external transactions, as a separate privacy enhancement step, but as more implementations appear perhaps clients will support direct payments via CoinJoins.<br /> That would be a similar situation to the shared wallets point above.<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recipient can work out the origin reliably ===<br /> <br /> This is more about respecting a payee’s preferred payment method and making life easy for them than about avoiding loss.<br /> To ease accounting (and other reasons) Monica might always create a dedicated address for every receive, and label it with the name of the expected sender and purpose of the transaction.<br /> If you send to an address Monica gave out to her employer, her accounts won’t balance.<br /> Assuming her employer and you both follow best practices regarding privacy/address re-use, she can’t tell anything about the mystery incoming funds with any certainty.<br /> <br /> In some business (and perhaps tax return) situations having an inexplicable imbalance on an account can be a serious compliance problem;<br /> while folks in that situation could delete all related keys to prevent that, you can’t be sure they have and even if they did, you’re destroying coins.<br /> <br /> === Recipient is comfortable with the security implications of address re-use ===<br /> <br /> Established security best practices discourage address re-use because when Monica sends you the restaurant bill, she reveals the public key for the last-sent-to address;<br /> before that, the world knew only the address (a hash of the public key) and would have had to perform a pre-image attack to find the public key.<br /> While it’s pretty unlikely, ECDSA is relatively new and could be found to be weak;<br /> private keys may somehow be found to be easily derived from public ones, exposing any unspent coins where the public key is known.<br /> <br /> Re-using addresses also probably increased the [http://tradeblock.com/research/security-vulnerability-in-all-android-bitcoin-wallets/ losses suffered via the Android SecureRandom bug], since [http://www.nilsschneider.net/2013/01/28/recovering-bitcoin-private-keys.html exploiting it] required seeing two transactions with the same last-sent-to and the same r values.<br /> <br /> The discoverers of the OpenSSL ECDSA [http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/03/scientist-devised-crypto-attack-could-one-day-steal-secret-bitcoin-keys/ “FLUSH+RELOAD” attack] estimated that under the right conditions they could recover a private key by observing as few as 200 signatures (in Bitcoin’s case, typical transactions) made with it.<br /> <br /> Hopefully those are the last bugs we’ll see related to re-use, but we can’t be sure.<br /> <br /> Since it’s Monica’s money at stake here, the decision on whether these threats are significant should be up to her.<br /> <br /> === Recipient is comfortable with the privacy implications of address re-use ===<br /> <br /> [https://bitcoin.org/en/protect-your-privacy Established privacy best practices] discourage address re-use because it reduces privacy both for you and, [http://www.bitcoinnotbombs.com/innovations-that-enhance-bitcoin-anonymity/ infectiously], for all other users (most directly, people you transact with, but also to a lesser extent the people they transact with, and so on).<br /> Even if you feel the simpler key management is worth the privacy cost to you and the rest of the network, it’s more polite to avoid inflicting that cost on Monica any more than you already are — again, you should let her make her own decision on this.<br /> <br /> == Solutions ==<br /> <br /> If you’re telling someone about Bitcoin you should avoid mentioning the concept, except to explain how, in this respect, Bitcoin doesn’t operate like other payment systems or sender/receiver systems they might know.<br /> <br /> Tools like block explorers and wallets should either refrain from showing inferences altogether, or should show them only in an advanced mode — with the right name and a prominent list of reasons why they’re of academic interest only.<br /> Perhaps if folks make enough noise, they will.<br /> <br /> Uptake of the [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki payment protocol] and other such measures that deliver refund addresses in the same communication as payment requests/payments should be encouraged.<br /> These hide such dirty temptations from the user.<br /> <br /> Privacy-protecting wallets should be preferred, since those avoid address re-use anyway.<br /> <br /> &lt;hr/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''2014-05-30: incorporate feedback from Andrew Poelstra and Burrito. 2014-05-31: incorporate feedback from Greg Maxwell, btiefert, dsnrk. 2014-06-01: incorporate feedback from Luke-Jr.''<br /> <br /> ''Original source: [https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from-address https://iwilcox.me.uk/2014/no-from-address]''</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Private_key&diff=64625 2017-12-21T02:01:24Z

<p>Nullius: Clarify, distinguish, and briefly explain the 512-bit seeds used in BIP-32 HD wallets.</p> <hr /> <div>{{sample}}<br /> A '''private key''' in the context of Bitcoin is a secret number that allows bitcoins to be spent.<br /> Every Bitcoin wallet contains one or more private keys, which are saved in the wallet file.<br /> The private keys are mathematically related to all Bitcoin addresses generated for the wallet.<br /> <br /> Because the private key is the &quot;ticket&quot; that allows someone to spend bitcoins, it is important that these are kept secure.<br /> Private keys can be kept on computer files, but in some cases are also short enough that they can be printed on paper.<br /> <br /> Some wallets allow private keys to be imported without generating any transactions while other wallets or services require that the private key be swept.<br /> When a private key is swept, a transaction is broadcast that sends the balance controlled by the private key to a new address in the wallet.<br /> Just as with any other transaction, there is risk of swept transactions to be double-spending.<br /> <br /> In contrast, bitcoind provides a facility to import a private key without creating a sweep transaction.<br /> This is considered very dangerous, and not intended to be used even by power users or experts except in very specific cases.<br /> Bitcoins can be easily stolen at any time, from a wallet which has imported an untrusted or otherwise insecure private key - this can include private keys generated offline and never seen by someone else&lt;ref&gt;[https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/29948/why-doc-says-importing-private-keys-is-so-dangerous Bitcoin StackExchange - Why doc says importing private keys is so dangerous?]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18619/why-so-many-warnings-about-importing-private-keys Bitcoin StackExchange - Why so many warnings about importing private keys?]&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> ==An example private key==<br /> In Bitcoin, a private key is a 256-bit number, which can be represented one of several ways.<br /> Here is a private key in hexadecimal - 256 bits in hexadecimal is 32 bytes, or 64 characters in the range 0-9 or A-F.<br /> <br /> E9873D79C6D87DC0FB6A5778633389{{taggant private key}}F4453213303DA61F20BD67FC233AA33262<br /> <br /> ==Range of valid ECDSA private keys==<br /> Nearly every 256-bit number is a valid [[ECDSA]] private key. Specifically, any 256-bit number from 0x1 to 0xFFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFE BAAE DCE6 AF48 A03B BFD2 5E8C D036 4140 is a valid private key.<br /> <br /> The range of valid private keys is governed by the [[secp256k1]] ECDSA standard used by Bitcoin.<br /> <br /> ==Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) Wallet Keys==<br /> {{main|Hierarchical deterministic wallet}}<br /> <br /> Wallet software may use a [[BIP 0032|BIP 32]] seed to generate many private keys and corresponding public keys from a single secret value. This is called a ''hierarchical deterministic wallet'', or ''HD wallet'' for short. The seed value, or ''master extended key'', consists of a 256-bit private key and a 256-bit ''chain code'', for 512 bits in total. The seed value should not be confused with the private keys used directly to sign Bitcoin transactions.<br /> <br /> Users are strongly advised to use HD wallets, for safety reasons: An HD wallet only needs to be backed up once; thereafter in the future, that single backup can always deterministically regenerate the same private keys. Therefore, it can safely recover all addresses, and all funds sent to those addresses. Non-HD wallets generate a new randomly-selected private key for each new address; therefore, if the wallet file is lost or damaged, the user will irretrievably lose all funds received to addresses generated after the most recent backup.<br /> <br /> ==Base58 Wallet Import format==<br /> {{main|Wallet import format}}<br /> When importing or sweeping ECDSA private keys, a shorter format known as [[wallet import format]] is often used, which offers a few advantages.<br /> The wallet import format is shorter, and includes built-in error checking codes so that typos can be automatically detected and/or corrected (which is impossible in hex format) and type bits indicating how it is intended to be used.<br /> Wallet import format is the most common way to represent private keys in Bitcoin.<br /> For private keys associated with uncompressed public keys, they are 51 characters and always start with the number 5 on mainnet (9 on testnet). Private keys associated with compressed public keys are 52 characters and start with a capital L or K on mainnet (c on testnet). This is the same private key in (mainnet) wallet import format:<br /> <br /> 5Kb8kLf9zgWQnogidDA76Mz{{taggant private key}}PL6TsZZY36hWXMssSzNydYXYB9KF<br /> <br /> When a WIF private key is imported, it always corresponds to exactly one [[Address|Bitcoin address]].<br /> Any utility which performs the conversion can display the matching Bitcoin address.<br /> The mathematical conversion is somewhat complex and best left to a computer, but it's notable that the WIF guarantees it will always correspond to the same address no matter which program is used to convert it.<br /> <br /> The Bitcoin address implemented using the sample above is: 1CC3X2gu58d6wXUW{{taggant address}}MffpuzN9JAfTUWu4Kj<br /> <br /> ==Mini private key format==<br /> {{main|Mini private key format}}<br /> Some applications use the [[mini private key format]]. Not every private key or Bitcoin address has a corresponding mini private key - they have to be generated a certain way in order to ensure a mini private key exists for an address. The mini private key is used for applications where space is critical, such as in QR codes and in [[physical bitcoins]]. The above example has a mini key, which is:<br /> <br /> SzavMBLoXU6{{taggant private key}}kDrqtUVmffv<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> Any Bitcoins sent to the address 1CC3X2gu58d6wXUW{{taggant address}}MffpuzN9JAfTUWu4Kj can be spent by anybody who knows the private key implementing it in ''any'' of the three formats, regardless of when the bitcoins were sent, unless the wallet receiving them has since made use of the coins generated.<br /> The private key is only needed to spend the bitcoins, not necessarily to see the value of them.<br /> <br /> If a private key controlling unspent bitcoins is compromised or stolen, the value can only be protected if it is immediately spent to a different output which is secure.<br /> Because bitcoins can only be spent once, when they are spent using a private key, the private key becomes worthless.<br /> It is often possible, but inadvisable and insecure, to use the address implemented by the private key again, in which case the same private key would be [[Address reuse|reused]].<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> <br /> * [[Paper wallet]]<br /> * [[How to import private keys]]<br /> * [[How to import private keys v7+]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[es:Clave privada]]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=User:Nullius&diff=64624 2017-12-21T01:26:22Z

<p>Nullius: Create initial userpage, with basic contact information and pithy self-quote.</p> <hr /> <div>“''‘If you’re not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to hide.’'' No! ''Because'' I do nothing wrong, I have nothing to show.” — nullius<br /> <br /> * nullius &lt;[mailto:nullius@nym.zone nullius@nym.zone]&gt;<br /> * [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=976210 Bitcoin Forum]<br /> * Bitcoin address, Segwit P2WPKH-nested-in-P2SH: [bitcoin:36finjay27E5XPDtSdLEsPR1RypfhNW8D8 36finjay27E5XPDtSdLEsPR1RypfhNW8D8] ''(Tips welcome.)''<br /> * PGP keys; please encrypt all correspondence:<br /> ** Ed25519 (preferred): [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C 0xC2E91CD74A4C57A105F6C21B5A00591B2F307E0C]<br /> ** RSA: [https://sks-keyservers.net/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE 0xA232750664CC39D61CE5D61536EBB4AB699A10EE]<br /> * Github: [https://github.com/nym-zone nym-zone]</div>

Nullius https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Private_key&diff=64623 2017-12-21T01:05:37Z

<p>Nullius: Make quick fix to incorrect info. That section should probably be rewritten.</p> <hr /> <div>{{sample}}<br /> A '''private key''' in the context of Bitcoin is a secret number that allows bitcoins to be spent.<br /> Every Bitcoin wallet contains one or more private keys, which are saved in the wallet file.<br /> The private keys are mathematically related to all Bitcoin addresses generated for the wallet.<br /> <br /> Because the private key is the &quot;ticket&quot; that allows someone to spend bitcoins, it is important that these are kept secure.<br /> Private keys can be kept on computer files, but in some cases are also short enough that they can be printed on paper.<br /> <br /> Some wallets allow private keys to be imported without generating any transactions while other wallets or services require that the private key be swept.<br /> When a private key is swept, a transaction is broadcast that sends the balance controlled by the private key to a new address in the wallet.<br /> Just as with any other transaction, there is risk of swept transactions to be double-spending.<br /> <br /> In contrast, bitcoind provides a facility to import a private key without creating a sweep transaction.<br /> This is considered very dangerous, and not intended to be used even by power users or experts except in very specific cases.<br /> Bitcoins can be easily stolen at any time, from a wallet which has imported an untrusted or otherwise insecure private key - this can include private keys generated offline and never seen by someone else&lt;ref&gt;[https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/29948/why-doc-says-importing-private-keys-is-so-dangerous Bitcoin StackExchange - Why doc says importing private keys is so dangerous?]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18619/why-so-many-warnings-about-importing-private-keys Bitcoin StackExchange - Why so many warnings about importing private keys?]&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> ==An example private key==<br /> In Bitcoin, a private key is a 256-bit number, which can be represented one of several ways.<br /> Here is a private key in hexadecimal - 256 bits in hexadecimal is 32 bytes, or 64 characters in the range 0-9 or A-F.<br /> <br /> E9873D79C6D87DC0FB6A5778633389{{taggant private key}}F4453213303DA61F20BD67FC233AA33262<br /> <br /> ==Range of valid ECDSA private keys==<br /> Nearly every 256-bit number is a valid [[ECDSA]] private key. Specifically, any 256-bit number from 0x1 to 0xFFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFE BAAE DCE6 AF48 A03B BFD2 5E8C D036 4140 is a valid private key.<br /> <br /> The range of valid private keys is governed by the [[secp256k1]] ECDSA standard used by Bitcoin.<br /> <br /> Newer wallets may use [[BIP 0032|BIP 32]] seeds for their private keys, which can be as long as 512 bits.<br /> <br /> ==Base58 Wallet Import format==<br /> {{main|Wallet import format}}<br /> When importing or sweeping ECDSA private keys, a shorter format known as [[wallet import format]] is often used, which offers a few advantages.<br /> The wallet import format is shorter, and includes built-in error checking codes so that typos can be automatically detected and/or corrected (which is impossible in hex format) and type bits indicating how it is intended to be used.<br /> Wallet import format is the most common way to represent private keys in Bitcoin.<br /> For private keys associated with uncompressed public keys, they are 51 characters and always start with the number 5 on mainnet (9 on testnet). Private keys associated with compressed public keys are 52 characters and start with a capital L or K on mainnet (c on testnet). This is the same private key in (mainnet) wallet import format:<br /> <br /> 5Kb8kLf9zgWQnogidDA76Mz{{taggant private key}}PL6TsZZY36hWXMssSzNydYXYB9KF<br /> <br /> When a WIF private key is imported, it always corresponds to exactly one [[Address|Bitcoin address]].<br /> Any utility which performs the conversion can display the matching Bitcoin address.<br /> The mathematical conversion is somewhat complex and best left to a computer, but it's notable that the WIF guarantees it will always correspond to the same address no matter which program is used to convert it.<br /> <br /> The Bitcoin address implemented using the sample above is: 1CC3X2gu58d6wXUW{{taggant address}}MffpuzN9JAfTUWu4Kj<br /> <br /> ==Mini private key format==<br /> {{main|Mini private key format}}<br /> Some applications use the [[mini private key format]]. Not every private key or Bitcoin address has a corresponding mini private key - they have to be generated a certain way in order to ensure a mini private key exists for an address. The mini private key is used for applications where space is critical, such as in QR codes and in [[physical bitcoins]]. The above example has a mini key, which is:<br /> <br /> SzavMBLoXU6{{taggant private key}}kDrqtUVmffv<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> Any Bitcoins sent to the address 1CC3X2gu58d6wXUW{{taggant address}}MffpuzN9JAfTUWu4Kj can be spent by anybody who knows the private key implementing it in ''any'' of the three formats, regardless of when the bitcoins were sent, unless the wallet receiving them has since made use of the coins generated.<br /> The private key is only needed to spend the bitcoins, not necessarily to see the value of them.<br /> <br /> If a private key controlling unspent bitcoins is compromised or stolen, the value can only be protected if it is immediately spent to a different output which is secure.<br /> Because bitcoins can only be spent once, when they are spent using a private key, the private key becomes worthless.<br /> It is often possible, but inadvisable and insecure, to use the address implemented by the private key again, in which case the same private key would be [[Address reuse|reused]].<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> <br /> * [[Paper wallet]]<br /> * [[How to import private keys]]<br /> * [[How to import private keys v7+]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[es:Clave privada]]</div>

Nullius