Bitcoin Wiki - User contributions [en]

Great Consensus Cleanup

2026-09-26T08:33:58Z

NotATether: Great Consensus Cleanup: soft-fork compatibility, Core PR 35793, template guards; more external links

The '''Great Consensus Cleanup''' is a proposed Bitcoin [[Softfork|soft fork]] specified as BIP 54 ("Consensus Cleanup") by Antoine Poinsot and Matt Corallo. It would tighten four long-standing consensus edge cases: a timewarp attack that manipulates difficulty retarget timestamps, worst-case legacy signature-operation cost, 64-byte transaction ambiguity in the [[Merkle tree]], and future duplicate coinbases that would force a return to BIP 30 validation. The BIP status is Complete. It is not a mainnet consensus rule. No activation parameters have been assigned.

Matt Corallo posted an earlier cleanup draft in 2019. Antoine Poinsot revived the work on Delving Bitcoin in 2024 after measuring validation-time attacks and restating the timewarp incentive problem. The BIP number was assigned in April 2025. Status was advanced to Complete after test vectors and a reference implementation existed, which in the BIP process means the authors consider the rules ready for an activation discussion, not that miners have activated them. Each item restricts currently valid blocks. The bundle is meant to amortize the coordination cost of a soft fork that adds no new Script features.

After an activation height, four rules would apply. If the block height N is divisible by 2016, nTime must be at least the previous block's timestamp minus 7200 seconds. If N modulo 2016 equals 2015, nTime must be at least the timestamp of the block at height N minus 2015, so that a difficulty period cannot have negative duration. The two-hour grace is looser than the 600-second bound used on [[Testnet4]], after broken pool software on testnet produced timestamps that would have violated a ten-minute grace. Median-time-past still applies.

Non-coinbase transactions may not exceed 2500 signature operations counted as in BIP 16: each CHECKSIG counts as one, and CHECKMULTISIG counts as 1 to 16 or as 20 depending on the preceding opcode, whether or not the opcode executes. The cap is the tightest value the authors found that left non-pathological standard transactions valid. It targets constructions that made some blocks take minutes to hours to validate on ordinary hardware. It does not disable opcodes.

A transaction whose witness-stripped serialized size is exactly 64 bytes is invalid. A 64-byte serialization can be read either as a leaf (a txid) or as an inner Merkle node (two 32-byte hashes). That ambiguity lets an SPV verifier be shown a proof for a transaction that is not in the block. Such transactions are anyone-can-spend or unspendable, have been nonstandard since 2018–2019, and have not been used on mainnet since 2016. Invalidating them removes the ambiguity for proofs of every other transaction without requiring light clients to apply a workaround.

The coinbase's [[NLockTime|nLockTime]] must equal the block height minus 1, and nSequence must not be 0xffffffff. Combined with existing locktime semantics, that forces each new coinbase to differ from early BIP 34 violations and from previous coinbases. Nodes can then skip BIP 30 duplicate-txid checks after activation, including at the future heights where a BIP 34-era coinbase could otherwise reappear. The rule also lets software recover the height without parsing the coinbase script.

The changes are backward compatible for old nodes in the soft-fork sense: a block valid under BIP 54 is already valid today. Miners who do not upgrade would still need to follow the new rules once a majority of hash rate enforces them, or they would mine invalid blocks.

Bitcoin Core pull request 35793 implements the validation rules without mainnet activation. Signet experimentation has exercised related behaviour. Bitcoin Core 29.0 avoids templates that violate the proposed timestamp bounds. Bitcoin Core 30.0 avoids templates that violate the signature-operation cap. Witness-stripped 64-byte transactions have been nonstandard to relay since 0.16.1. Some mining pools have produced coinbases that already set locktime in the BIP 54 way. That is forward compatibility, not version-bit signalling. No activation bit is assigned.

== See also ==

* [[Softfork]]
* [[Testnet4]]
* [[Taproot]]
* [[NLockTime]]
* [[Merkle tree]]

== External links ==

* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0054.md BIP 54: Consensus Cleanup]

* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/35793 Bitcoin Core PR 35793]
* [https://delvingbitcoin.org/t/great-consensus-cleanup-revival/710 Delving Bitcoin: Great Consensus Cleanup revival]
* [https://github.com/TheBlueMatt/bips/blob/cleanup-softfork/bip-XXXX.mediawiki 2019 Corallo draft]

[[Category:Technical]]

Great Consensus Cleanup

2026-09-26T08:18:55Z

NotATether: Great Consensus Cleanup: 64-byte tx invalidity and coinbase locktime uniqueness

The '''Great Consensus Cleanup''' is a proposed Bitcoin [[Softfork|soft fork]] specified as BIP 54 ("Consensus Cleanup") by Antoine Poinsot and Matt Corallo. It would tighten four long-standing consensus edge cases: a timewarp attack that manipulates difficulty retarget timestamps, worst-case legacy signature-operation cost, 64-byte transaction ambiguity in the [[Merkle tree]], and future duplicate coinbases that would force a return to BIP 30 validation. The BIP status is Complete. It is not a mainnet consensus rule. No activation parameters have been assigned.

Matt Corallo posted an earlier cleanup draft in 2019. Antoine Poinsot revived the work on Delving Bitcoin in 2024 after measuring validation-time attacks and restating the timewarp incentive problem. The BIP number was assigned in April 2025. Status was advanced to Complete after test vectors and a reference implementation existed, which in the BIP process means the authors consider the rules ready for an activation discussion, not that miners have activated them. Each item restricts currently valid blocks. The bundle is meant to amortize the coordination cost of a soft fork that adds no new Script features.

After an activation height, four rules would apply. If the block height N is divisible by 2016, nTime must be at least the previous block's timestamp minus 7200 seconds. If N modulo 2016 equals 2015, nTime must be at least the timestamp of the block at height N minus 2015, so that a difficulty period cannot have negative duration. The two-hour grace is looser than the 600-second bound used on [[Testnet4]], after broken pool software on testnet produced timestamps that would have violated a ten-minute grace. Median-time-past still applies.

Non-coinbase transactions may not exceed 2500 signature operations counted as in BIP 16: each CHECKSIG counts as one, and CHECKMULTISIG counts as 1 to 16 or as 20 depending on the preceding opcode, whether or not the opcode executes. The cap is the tightest value the authors found that left non-pathological standard transactions valid. It targets constructions that made some blocks take minutes to hours to validate on ordinary hardware. It does not disable opcodes.

A transaction whose witness-stripped serialized size is exactly 64 bytes is invalid. A 64-byte serialization can be read either as a leaf (a txid) or as an inner Merkle node (two 32-byte hashes). That ambiguity lets an SPV verifier be shown a proof for a transaction that is not in the block. Such transactions are anyone-can-spend or unspendable, have been nonstandard since 2018–2019, and have not been used on mainnet since 2016. Invalidating them removes the ambiguity for proofs of every other transaction without requiring light clients to apply a workaround.

The coinbase's [[NLockTime|nLockTime]] must equal the block height minus 1, and nSequence must not be 0xffffffff. Combined with existing locktime semantics, that forces each new coinbase to differ from early BIP 34 violations and from previous coinbases. Nodes can then skip BIP 30 duplicate-txid checks after activation, including at the future heights where a BIP 34-era coinbase could otherwise reappear. The rule also lets software recover the height without parsing the coinbase script.

== See also ==

* [[Softfork]]
* [[Testnet4]]
* [[Taproot]]
* [[NLockTime]]
* [[Merkle tree]]

== External links ==

* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0054.md BIP 54: Consensus Cleanup]

[[Category:Technical]]

Great Consensus Cleanup

2026-09-26T08:03:36Z

NotATether: Great Consensus Cleanup: timewarp timestamp bounds and legacy sigop cap

Great Consensus Cleanup

2026-09-26T07:49:31Z

NotATether: Great Consensus Cleanup: 2019 draft, 2024 revival, BIP assigned April 2025

Great Consensus Cleanup

2026-09-26T07:38:40Z

NotATether: Create Great Consensus Cleanup: BIP 54 Consensus Cleanup proposal (Complete, not activated)

Segregated Witness

2026-09-26T07:29:34Z

NotATether: Expand Nested SegWit section: P2SH wrap, redeem/witness spend, fee vs native bc1, compatibility note

{{infobox |title=SegWit|image=<hr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"/>[[File:Segwit.png|256px]]<hr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"/>
|fulltitle=Segregated Witness (Consensus layer)
|bipnumber=[[BIP_0141|BIP 141]]
|purpose=Prevent unintended [[transaction malleability]]
|bit=Bit 1 "segwit"
|starttime=2016-11-15 00:00:00
|timeout=2017-11-15 00:00:00
|supermajority=95% of last 2016 block period
|lockin=Block #479708<br/>2017-08-08 19:05:58
|activated=Block #481824<br/>2017-08-24 01:57:37
}}'''Segregated Witness''' (abbreviated as '''SegWit''') is an implemented protocol upgrade intended to provide protection from [[transaction malleability]] and [[Block size limit controversy|increase block capacity]]. SegWit separates the ''witness'' from the list of inputs. The witness contains data required to check transaction validity but is not required to determine transaction effects.
Additionally, a new ''weight'' parameter is defined, and blocks are allowed to have at most 4 million [[weight units]] (WU). Non-witness and pre-segwit witness bytes weigh 4 WU, but each byte of Segwit witness data only weighs 1 WU, allowing blocks that are larger than 1 MB without a hardforking change.

After the successful activations of OP_CLTV and OP_CSV, SegWit was the last protocol change needed to make the [[Lightning Network]] safe to deploy on the Bitcoin network.

Because the new witness field contains [[Script]] versioning, it is also possible to make changes to or introduce new opcodes to SegWit scripts that would have originally required additional complexity to function without SegWit.

=== History and Activation ===

During 2016 and 2017 activation of segregated witness was blocked by miners for political reasons by exploiting a flaw in the [[BIP 9]] activation mechanism.
On a technical level, the consensus rules of bitcoin are controlled by the [[economic majority]] not the [[Bitcoin is not ruled by miners|miners]], so the deadlock was possible to solve by creating a [[user activated soft fork]] [[BIP 0148|BIP 148]] where the [[economic majority]] would bypass the blocking miners and activate segregated witness on their own.
This required some coordination amongst the economic majority, but was ultimately successful, activating Segwit on Bitcoin soon after 1st August 2017.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210224032019/https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/long-road-segwit-how-bitcoins-biggest-protocol-upgrade-became-reality// BitcoinMagazine: The Long Road to SegWit: How Bitcoin’s Biggest Protocol Upgrade Became Reality (Archived February 2021)]</ref>

== Nested SegWit ==

Nested SegWit is a SegWit output wrapped in a [[P2SH]] script so that senders who only understand Base58 P2SH addresses can still pay a SegWit receiver. The redeem script is a version-0 witness program: either a twenty-byte public-key hash (often called P2SH-P2WPKH) or a thirty-two-byte script hash (P2SH-P2WSH). On mainnet the payment address is a Base58Check P2SH string beginning with <code>3</code>, the same prefix as ordinary P2SH.

When the output is spent, the witness carries the signature and public key (or the witness script and its stack) while the scriptSig only pushes the redeem script that commits to that witness program. The wrapping adds bytes compared with a native witness output that uses a Bech32 address beginning with <code>bc1</code>, so nested receives usually pay a higher fee for the same spend. Wallets adopted nested outputs as a compatibility step after the SegWit soft fork so older software could send to SegWit users without understanding native witness addresses. New receives prefer native SegWit; nested remains valid and common where Base58-only senders still matter.
==See Also==

* [[BIP_0141|BIP 141]] Segregated Witness (Consensus layer)
* [[BIP_0143|BIP 143]] Transaction Signature Verification for Version 0 Witness Program
* [[BIP_0144|BIP 144]] Segregated Witness (Peer Services)
* [[BIP_0145|BIP 145]] getblocktemplate Updates for Segregated Witness
* [[BIP_0147|BIP 147]] Dealing with dummy stack element malleability
* [[BIP_0173|BIP 173]] Base32 address format for native v0-16 witness outputs
* [https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/ Segregated Witness Benefits]
* [https://bitcoincore.org/en/segwit_wallet_dev/ Segregated Witness Wallet Developer Guide]
* [[Wikipedia:SegWit|Wikipedia: SegWit]]
{{stub}}

User talk:Lure13

2026-09-25T13:43:10Z

NotATether: /* Software edit */

== Software edit ==

Hi!

Your edit doesn't have a summary. Can you explain why you are trying to remove Coin Wallet, Open Transactions, and 1account from the Software page?

--[[User:NotATether|NotATether]] ([[User talk:NotATether|talk]]) 09:58, 18 September 2026 (UTC)

You didn't respond, so I rejected the edit. Feel free to create the edit again if you can justify it.

--[[User:NotATether|NotATether]] ([[User talk:NotATether|talk]]) 13:43, 25 September 2026 (UTC)

BRD

2026-09-22T23:46:45Z

NotATether: Create BRD article; note Coinbase acqui-hire

{{infobox company
| name = BRD
| industry = Mobile cryptocurrency wallet
| foundation = 2014 (as breadwallet)
| founder = Aaron Voisine, Adam Traidman
| defunct = consumer brand after Coinbase acqui-hire (exact app sunset day not sourced here)
| website =
}}

'''BRD''' was a mobile cryptocurrency wallet that began as breadwallet in 2014 and later rebranded to BRD (also styled Bread). Co-founders included Aaron Voisine and Adam Traidman. The product started as a bitcoin wallet and later added support for additional assets and buy, sell, and swap features through exchange partners.<ref name="tc">[https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/24/coinbase-acquihires-team-behind-brd-crypto-wallet/ TechCrunch, 24 November 2021: Coinbase acqui-hires team behind BRD crypto wallet]</ref>

== Coinbase acqui-hire ==
On 24 November 2021 [[Coinbase (business)|Coinbase]] acqui-hired the BRD team into Coinbase Wallet. Terms were not disclosed. Co-founders said existing BRD wallets would keep working and that a migration path to Coinbase Wallet would be optional. The company claimed more than 10 million users.<ref name="tc" />

== See also ==
* [[Wallets]]
* [[Clients]]
* [[Coinbase (business)]]

== External links ==
* [https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/24/coinbase-acquihires-team-behind-brd-crypto-wallet/ TechCrunch acqui-hire report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Clients]]
[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Defunct products]]

BitFlyer

2026-09-22T20:10:39Z

NotATether: Create bitFlyer article; note FTX Japan agreement

{{infobox company
| name = bitFlyer
| native_name = 株式会社bitFlyer
| industry = Cryptocurrency exchange
| foundation = January 2014
| founder = Yuzo Kano
| location = Tokyo, Japan
| website = https://bitflyer.com/
}}

'''bitFlyer''' is a Japanese cryptocurrency exchange operated by bitFlyer, Inc. (株式会社bitFlyer). Yuzo Kano established the company in January 2014.<ref name="hist">[https://about.bitflyer.com/en/message bitFlyer: Founder’s message and history]</ref>

== History ==
Company history materials list the following milestones.<ref name="hist" />

* January 2014: bitFlyer, Inc. established
* September 2014: participation in founding JADA (later JBA)
* July 2015: bitFlyer Lightning trading interface launched
* April 2016: fundraising of about ¥3 billion
* December 2016: announcement of the Miyabi blockchain
* January 2017: company claim of first place in worldwide bitcoin trading volume
* April 2017: bitcoin payment service for Bic Camera
* September 2017: registration as a virtual currency exchange service provider (now crypto-asset exchange)
* October 2017: headquarters move to Tokyo Midtown
* November 2017: US entity licence
* January 2018: European entity licence
* April 2018: participation in founding JVCEA
* May 2019: bitFlyer Blockchain, Inc. established
* October 2021: registration as a Type I Financial Instruments Business Operator
* December 2021: bitFlyer credit card launch
* April 2024: bitFlyer Crypto CFD launch
* 20 June 2024: agreement to acquire FTX Japan (court hearing expected July 2024)
* November 2024: company timeline claim that domestic customer assets under custody exceeded ¥1 trillion

The November 2024 custody figure is a company timeline claim.

== FTX Japan ==
On 20 June 2024 bitFlyer Holdings announced agreement to acquire FTX Japan K.K., subject to U.S. bankruptcy court approval in the FTX proceedings (a hearing was expected in July 2024), with plans described around institutional crypto custody rather than immediately restarting the prior FTX Japan retail venue.<ref name="ftx">[https://blog.bitflyer.com/en-us/bitflyer-agrees-to-acquire-ftx-japan-k-k/ bitFlyer blog: bitFlyer Agrees to Acquire FTX Japan K.K.]</ref>

== Products ==
bitFlyer operates a crypto-asset exchange for retail and professional users in Japan under Financial Services Agency registration. Group materials also describe crypto custody initiatives and the Miyabi blockchain developed by bitFlyer Blockchain.<ref name="hist" />

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]
* [[Buying bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [https://bitflyer.com/ bitFlyer]
* [https://about.bitflyer.com/en/message Founder’s message and history]
* [https://blog.bitflyer.com/en-us/bitflyer-agrees-to-acquire-ftx-japan-k-k/ FTX Japan acquisition blog post]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Exchanges]]
[[Category:Companies]]

KeepKey

2026-09-22T20:01:31Z

NotATether: Create KeepKey article; note ShapeShift acquisition

{{infobox company
| name = KeepKey
| industry = Hardware cryptocurrency wallet
| foundation = 2014
| founder = Darin Stanchfield, Ken Hodler
| website = https://keepkey.com/
}}

'''KeepKey''' is a hardware cryptocurrency wallet first released in 2014. Company materials name founders Darin Stanchfield and Ken Hodler and tie the project’s origin to the aftermath of the [[Mt. Gox]] failure.<ref name="about">[https://keepkey.com/about KeepKey About]</ref>

== ShapeShift acquisition ==
On 16 August 2017 cryptocurrency exchange [[ShapeShift]] acquired KeepKey on undisclosed terms. ShapeShift said it would keep the KeepKey brand and that KeepKey staff would continue on the hardware line. KeepKey had previously integrated ShapeShift’s exchange API, and after the acquisition the device was marketed with on-device ShapeShift swaps.<ref name="cd">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2017/08/16/cryptocurrency-exchange-shapeshift-acquires-bitcoin-wallet-startup CoinDesk, 16 August 2017: Cryptocurrency Exchange ShapeShift Acquires Bitcoin Wallet Startup]</ref>

== Later status ==
The KeepKey About page describes a later period in which the brand is maintained by a small contributor team and states that the wallet is not owned by a corporation, with community input on the roadmap.<ref name="about" />

== See also ==
* [[Hardware wallet]]
* [[ShapeShift]]
* [[Wallets]]
* [[Security]]

== External links ==
* [https://keepkey.com/ KeepKey website]
* [https://keepkey.com/about KeepKey About]
* [https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2017/08/16/cryptocurrency-exchange-shapeshift-acquires-bitcoin-wallet-startup CoinDesk acquisition report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Companies]]

HashFlare

2026-09-22T19:51:12Z

NotATether: Create HashFlare article; note DOJ plea and sentencing

{{infobox company
| name = HashFlare
| industry = Cloud cryptocurrency mining (historical)
| foundation = 2015
| founder = Sergei Potapenko, Ivan Turõgin
| defunct = sales period ended by 2019 (per DOJ)
| location = Estonia (operators)
| website =
}}

'''HashFlare''' was a cloud cryptocurrency mining brand operated by Estonian nationals Sergei Potapenko and Ivan Turõgin. Related mining hardware and hosting activity has also been discussed under the [[HashCoins]] name. HashFlare was the customer-contract cloud-mining product. Related hardware and hosting activity was associated with the separate [[HashCoins]] brand.

== Product ==
According to the U.S. Department of Justice, between 2015 and 2019 HashFlare sold contracts that entitled customers to a share of cryptocurrency supposedly mined by the service. Sales in that period totaled more than US$577 million. The Justice Department stated that HashFlare did not have the computing capacity to perform most of the mining it claimed, and that the web dashboard showed falsified mining results.<ref name="plea">[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-estonian-nationals-plead-guilty-577m-cryptocurrency-fraud-scheme U.S. Department of Justice OPA, 13 February 2025: Two Estonian Nationals Plead Guilty in $577M Cryptocurrency Fraud Scheme]</ref>

== Guilty pleas ==
On 12 February 2025 Potapenko and Turõgin each pleaded guilty in the Western District of Washington to one count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud. The Justice Department stated they agreed to forfeit assets then valued at more than US$400 million, to be available for a remission process to compensate victims, with remission details to be announced later. The announcement did not establish that victim payouts had been completed.<ref name="plea" />

== Sentencing ==
On 12 August 2025 U.S. District Judge Robert S. Lasnik sentenced both defendants to time served (about 16 months already in custody), and ordered each to pay a US$25,000 fine and complete 360 hours of community service while on supervised release, expected to be served in Estonia.<ref name="st">[https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/law-justice/estonian-nationals-sentenced-in-wa-for-577m-ponzi-scheme/ Seattle Times, 13 August 2025]</ref><ref name="ct">[https://cointelegraph.com/news/hashflare-founders-given-time-served-577m-crypto-ponzi Cointelegraph, 13 August 2025]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[HashCoins]]
* [[Cloud mining]]
* [[Mining]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-estonian-nationals-plead-guilty-577m-cryptocurrency-fraud-scheme DOJ OPA plea press release]
* [https://www.fbi.gov/hashflare FBI HashFlare victim information page]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct companies]]
[[Category:Defunct services]]
[[Category:Mining contractors]]

Cryptopay

2026-09-22T19:43:41Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Seedcoin funding and merchant gateway

{{infobox company
| name = Cryptopay
| industry = Cryptocurrency payment processing
| foundation = late 2013 (operations February 2014)
| location = United Kingdom / international
| website = https://cryptopay.me/
}}

'''Cryptopay''' is a cryptocurrency payment company. It was founded in late 2013 and began operations in February 2014. On 20 March 2014 it raised 100 BTC from Seedcoin Fund.<ref>[http://www.coindesk.com/seedcoin-gives-btc-sx-500-bitcoins-funding/ CoinDesk: Seedcoin funding round]</ref> Its earlier UK and EU retail service included buying and selling, a hosted wallet, HMRC money-service-business registration, and a flat 1% fee. Merchant tools included payment buttons, hosted checkout, iframe payments, and an API.

== Merchant gateway ==
Cryptopay’s public website presents Cryptopay Business as a merchant cryptocurrency payment gateway. Marketing on that site describes accepting and sending crypto payments for businesses, multi-asset acceptance, payouts, and API integration. <ref>[https://cryptopay.me/ Cryptopay website]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Payment processors]]
* [[Exchanges]]

== External links ==
* [https://cryptopay.me/ Cryptopay website]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Payment Processors]]
[[Category:Services]]

DarkWallet

2026-09-22T19:33:05Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Alpha 0.8.0 and later abandonment

{{infobox software
| name = DarkWallet
| developer = Amir Taaki, Cody Wilson, and others (historical)
| programming language = JavaScript
| platform = Google Chrome extension (historical)
| latest release version = Alpha 0.8.0
| latest release date = 23 January 2015
| website = https://www.darkwallet.is
}}

'''DarkWallet''' was an experimental, privacy-focused bitcoin client developed by [[Amir Taaki]], Cody Wilson, and others. The software was written in JavaScript and ran as a Google Chrome browser extension.

== Features ==
DarkWallet used the [[BIP 0032]] hierarchical deterministic wallet format and privacy features including Stealth Payments and passive [[CoinJoin]] mixing.<ref>Project documentation.</ref>

== Development status ==
The last published release was DarkWallet Alpha 0.8.0 on 23 January 2015.<ref>[https://github.com/darkwallet/darkwallet/releases/tag/0.8.0 GitHub: DarkWallet Alpha 0.8.0]</ref> By 2020 the project appeared abandoned and unmaintained. Later privacy-wallet projects such as [[JoinMarket]], [[Wasabi Wallet]], and [[Samourai Wallet]] were more actively maintained alternatives.

== See also ==
* [[Anonymity]]
* [[Privacy]]
* [[CoinJoin]]
* [[Wallets]]

== External links ==
* [https://github.com/darkwallet/darkwallet DarkWallet GitHub repository]
* [https://www.darkwallet.is darkwallet.is]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct products]]
[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Privacy]]
[[Category:Clients]]

Trezor

2026-09-22T19:21:21Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Safe 5 and Safe 7 launches

Trezor homepage: [https://Trezor.io Trezor.io][[File:T1andTTtogether.jpg|450px|thumb|right|Trezor hardware wallets]]
'''Trezor''' is a [[hardware wallet]] providing advanced security for handling Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies private keys.

Unlike traditional [[cold storage]] methods (offline storage or paper wallets), Trezor makes secure payments without exposing your private keys to a potentially compromised computer. See [https://wiki.Trezor.io/Security:Security_philosophy Security philosophy] for more info.

== Trezor hardware wallets ==

[[File:Trezor-model-t-photo-front.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Trezor Model T]]

Trezor has released several hardware wallet models.

Trezor One is the original device. It supports PIN protection and advanced features such as the [https://wiki.trezor.io/User_manual:Password_Manager Password manager] and [https://wiki.trezor.io/User_manual:Two-factor_Authentication_with_U2F U2F two-factor authorization]. More information is on the [https://trezor.io/trezor-model-one Trezor Model One] product page.

Trezor Model T adds a color touchscreen for on-device input, an SD card slot, and related advanced features. More information is on the [https://trezor.io/trezor-model-t Trezor Model T] product page.

Trezor Safe 3 was introduced in 2023. It uses two buttons below the screen, an EAL6+ secure element, USB-C, an OLED display, and metal backup for the recovery seed. More information is on the [https://trezor.io/trezor-safe-3 Trezor Safe 3] product page.

Trezor Safe 5 was announced by SatoshiLabs on 14 June 2024 at the BTC Prague period. The company described a color touchscreen with haptic feedback, an EAL 6+ secure element, and an enhanced backup process including Keep Metal with a 20-word backup option in that announcement.<ref name="safe5">[https://satoshilabs.com/news/trezor-safe-5-launches-bringing-everyday-convenience-to-crypto-hardware-wallets SatoshiLabs, 14 June 2024: Trezor Safe 5 launches]</ref>

Trezor Safe 7 was announced on 21 October 2025. SatoshiLabs described it as a fully wireless hardware wallet introducing a transparent (open, auditable) secure element based on the TROPIC01 chip.<ref name="safe7">[https://www.satoshilabs.com/news/trezor-launches-trezor-safe-7-first-hardware-wallet-with-transparent-secure-element SatoshiLabs, 21 October 2025: Trezor Safe 7 launch]</ref>

A [https://trezor.io/compare comparison table] is published by Trezor.

== How does it work? ==
[[File:Trezor-tx.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Confirming transaction with Trezor One]]

Trezor is a small single-purpose computer. It is designed to protect your private keys from possible online and offline risks. To do this, Trezor keeps the private keys away from the Internet and confirms the transactions in-device. That way, you can always check the screen for the right address, amount and transaction fee before sending your bitcoins.

The design goal is that the device can be used with a compromised computer while private keys remain on the device and transfers require on-device confirmation.

Find out how exactly Trezor is designed to provide excellent security:

* [https://wiki.Trezor.io/Security:Software Software Design & Security]
* [https://wiki.Trezor.io/Security:Hardware Hardware Design]

== Mitigations against threats ==

Trezor maintains a list of attack types it protects you from on its web page, and how to protect against them and what to do in dangerous situations.

* [https://wiki.Trezor.io/Security:Threats Security Threats]

Below is a summary of each threat and the mechanisms used by Trezor to protect from each of them.

=== Brute forcing the PIN ===

Trezor devices force a user to wait double the amount of time between failed unlock attempts. For instance, 1 second after the first attempt, 2 seconds after the second attempt, and 4 seconds after the third attempt. The device automatically wipe itself after 16 failed PIN entry attempts.

=== Reflashing with malicious firmware ===

After a firmware reflash, the Trezor device storage is automatically wiped, and a warning is displayed on the screen to the user during startup if the firmware is not signed by Satoshilabs.

=== Evil maid attack ===

Evil maid attacks are when an adversary replaces your hardware wallet with a fake device with additional hardware for transmitting sensitive data. Hardware wallets can resist evil maid attacks but can't entirely prevent them. Trezor recommends signing the back of your device with a permanent pen, or setting a custom home screen with a unique picture that would be hard to copy.

=== Address hijacking ===

Hardware wallets cannot prevent malware from replacing a crypto address in the clipboard with its own address, because this operation occurs on the computer. You must double-check the address pasted into your wallet with the one on the payment page before broadcasting the transaction.

=== Honeypot token scams ===

This is a type of scam that occurs on some altcoins where the scammer creates a token and writes code that prevents it from being sold except by select addresses. Trezor devices do not currently warn about this scenario. It is advised to use websites that can detect honeypot tokens such as [https://honeypot.is Honeypot.is] or [https://tokensniffer.com/ Token Sniffer] before buying unknown tokens.

=== Side channel attacks ===

In [[Elliptic curve cryptography]], it is possible to guess the private key of an address by monitoring the power usage of the CPU during the point multiplication operations. This is possible because the multiplication step of the algorithm takes relatively longer than the addition step, allowing for an adversary with physical access to the computer to reliably determine the positions of binary 1's and 0's in the private key.

These vulnerabilities are resolved by using constant-time point multiplication algorithms. [[Bitcoin Core]] and several wallets use this procedure, including Trezor devices.

=== Hacking Trezor servers ===

Trezor allows you to set up a [https://trezor.io/guides/trezor-suite/trezor-suite-desktop/custom-backend-in-trezor-suite custom backend server] for the Trezor Suite software in case Trezor servers get hacked.

== Using Trezor ==

[https://suite.trezor.io Trezor Suite] is an easy-to-use interface for Trezor. Using the Suite, you can easily set up the device, manage your cryptocurrency assets, initiate transfers to other services or friends, and more. It is also possible to use your Trezor device with other wallets, eg., [[Electrum]].

* [https://wiki.trezor.io/User_manual User manual]

=== Sending transactions ===

Have a look at how easy and comfortable it is to send transactions:

* [https://wiki.trezor.io/User_manual:Making_payments Making payments]

=== Receiving address phishing protection ===
[[File:Trezor_Show_address.png|300px|thumb|right|Show full address on Trezor]]

Make sure that an infected computer has not changed the receiving address you have provided to someone else. The "Show on Trezor" feature has been developed specifically for this purpose:

* [https://wiki.trezor.io/User_manual:Receiving_payments Receiving payments]

=== Sign & Verify messages ===

It is also possible to sign and verify messages using Trezor:

* [https://wiki.trezor.io/User_manual:Signing_and_verifying_messages Sign & verify messages]

=== Backup and recovery ===

When first activating the device, you are asked to write down the recovery seed phrase.

This means that in case your Trezor is lost or stolen you can easily retrieve your funds another Trezor or any other compatible wallet.

* [https://wiki.trezor.io/User_manual:Emergency_situations Emergency situations]
* [https://wiki.trezor.io/User_manual:Recovery User manual: Recovery]

=== Advanced Settings - Passphrase ===

You can further improve the security by using a passphrase and or multiple passphrases to create so-called "Hidden Wallets". More details here:

* [https://wiki.trezor.io/Multi-passphrase_encryption_(hidden_wallets) Advanced Settings - Multi-passphrase_encryption_(hidden_wallets)]

===Advanced features===

* U2F / FIDO2
You can use Trezor as your [https://wiki.trezor.io/U2F U2F] and [https://wiki.trezor.io/FIDO2 FIDO2] token with services such as Google, GitHub or Dropbox. A further advantage of Trezor is that its users can truly verify what they are about to authorize on the device display.

* Password Manager
The [https://wiki.trezor.io/User_manual:Password_Manager Trezor Password Manager] allows users to manage all their passwords and digital identity with the Trezor security and encryption. The Trezor Password Manager does not require remembering one master password, as access is granted by pressing a physical button on your Trezor device. Your passwords are stored on Dropbox or Google Drive in an encrypted form using the private keys derived and safely stored in your Trezor.

* SSH login
With the [https://wiki.trezor.io/Apps:SSH_agent Trezor SSH Agent], administrators can enjoy passwordless and secure authentication to their servers.

*[https://wiki.trezor.io/User_manual#Advanced_features_and_operations Advanced features and operations]

== Resources ==

* [https://Trezor.io Trezor Website]
* [https://shop.Trezor.io Trezor E-shop]
* [https://wiki.trezor.io/ Trezor Wiki]
* [https://wallet.trezor.io Trezor Wallet]
* [https://wiki.trezor.io/Apps Trezor Compatible Apps]

== Community ==

* [https://www.reddit.com/r/Trezor/ Trezor Reddit]
* [https://www.facebook.com/BitcoinTrezor Trezor Facebook]
* [https://twitter.com/Trezor Trezor Twitter]

[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Wallets]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hardware]]

BTCX

2026-09-22T19:11:03Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Goobit Group and MiCA application under review

{{infobox company
| name = BTCX
| industry = Bitcoin exchange / broker
| foundation = 2011 (BTCX); group registered 2013
| location = Stockholm, Sweden
| parent = Goobit Group AB (publ)
| website = https://goobit.se/
}}

'''BTCX''' is a Swedish bitcoin exchange and brokerage service operated by Goobit Group AB (publ). The service was announced on 29 January 2012 as a Stockholm venue for trading between bitcoin and Swedish kronor, at that time pricing off [[Mt. Gox]] plus a fee.<ref>[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=61749.0 Bitcointalk: Buy bitcoins in Sweden]</ref> Goobit’s public materials present BTCX as a bitcoin exchange operating since 2011.<ref name="home">[https://goobit.se/ Goobit Group website]</ref>

== Goobit Group ==
Goobit Group AB (publ) is listed on NGM Growth Market under the ticker BTCX. The group’s organisation number is 556952-8671. Goobit states that it is registered with Finansinspektionen, the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority. Wholly owned subsidiaries named on the MiCA press page include Goobit AB and Goobit Blocktech AB. The group is headquartered in Gamla Stan, Stockholm.<ref name="mica">[https://goobit.se/press-messages/goobit-group-ab-submits-mica-application Goobit Group AB submits MiCA application, 29 September 2025]</ref><ref name="home" />

== Products ==
Goobit’s website describes BTCX products including Express, Standard Exchange, and OTC Service for buying, selling, and holding bitcoin. A separate savings product branded Futureproof is described as under development for long-term allocation across bitcoin, gold, and interest-bearing assets, with user approval required before portfolio changes. The group also markets an AML Desk for transaction-risk assessment and compliance support.<ref name="home" />

Goobit’s homepage and press materials also publish cumulative customer and volume figures.

== MiCA application ==
On 29 September 2025 Goobit Group AB announced that it had submitted an application for authorisation as a crypto-asset service provider under the EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) to Finansinspektionen, and that the application was under review. The company stated it would inform the market once Finansinspektionen decides on the application. The application was under review and was not an approval.<ref name="mica" />

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [https://goobit.se/ Goobit Group]
* [https://goobit.se/press-messages/goobit-group-ab-submits-mica-application MiCA application press release]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Exchanges]]
[[Category:Companies]]

Exodus

2026-09-22T19:02:52Z

NotATether: Expand history; note self-custodial platform and SEC filings

{{infobox company
| name = Exodus
| industry = Self-custodial cryptocurrency wallet software
| foundation = 2015 (wallet launch 9 December 2015); Exodus Movement, Inc. incorporated Delaware July 2016
| founder = JP Richardson, Daniel Castagnoli
| location = United States
| website = https://www.exodus.com/
}}

'''Exodus''' is a self-custodial multi-asset cryptocurrency wallet and related software platform developed by Exodus Movement, Inc. Co-founders JP Richardson and Daniel Castagnoli launched the Exodus wallet on 9 December 2015. Exodus Movement, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in July 2016.<ref name="sec">[https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1821534/000114036123040123/brhc20056678_1sa.htm Exodus Movement, Inc. Form 1-SA (SEC EDGAR)]</ref><ref name="about">[https://www.exodus.com/about Exodus About]</ref>

== Platform ==
According to the company’s SEC Form 1-SA nature-of-business disclosure, Exodus is an unhosted, self-custodial cryptocurrency software wallet. The company states that it never has access to wallet holders’ digital assets. The Exodus Platform is offered on desktop and mobile, and the company partners with third parties so that users can access services such as digital-asset swaps and staking rewards through the wallet. Exodus earns revenue from those third-party providers rather than from custody of user assets.<ref name="sec" />

The company About page describes Exodus as a way to secure, manage, and swap cryptocurrency on desktop, mobile, and hardware-wallet integrations, and names Richardson (engineering) and Castagnoli (design) as co-founders.<ref name="about" />

== Corporate ==
Exodus Movement, Inc. files reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The Form 1-SA describes the business as a technology company in the blockchain and digital-asset industry whose platform connects users to third-party financial services inside a self-custodial wallet.<ref name="sec" />

== See also ==
* [[Wallets]]
* [[Clients]]
* [[Hardware wallet]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.exodus.com/ Exodus website]
* [https://www.exodus.com/about Exodus About]
* [https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1821534/000114036123040123/brhc20056678_1sa.htm SEC Form 1-SA]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Clients]]

BIPS

2026-09-22T18:54:26Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Nov 2013 theft and wallet wind-down

{{infobox company
| name = BIPS
| industry = Bitcoin payment processor / consumer wallet
| foundation = July 2011
| location = Copenhagen, Denmark
| website =
}}

'''BIPS''' was a Copenhagen-based bitcoin payment service provider and consumer wallet operator. It offered merchant plugins, hosted invoices, point-of-sale tools, and a consumer market to buy and sell bitcoins. The company was founded in July 2011.

== Merchant tools ==
For merchants on eCommerce platforms, BIPS offered bitcoin plugins. Merchants without a cart could use Hosted Invoices for catalogues, shopping-cart buttons, recurring billing by email invoice links, or BIP70 payment requests. Point-of-sale material described NFC tap-to-pay and sound-based payment signalling. BIPS charged merchants 0% payment-processing fees, with revenue from the conversion spread. Settled bitcoins could be sent to a bank account in 1–5 business days, or retained as bitcoin.

== Consumer wallet ==
BIPS also provided a consumer market to buy bitcoins and to receive payouts to banks in various currencies. After the November 2013 breach described below, consumer wallet functions were wound down.

== November 2013 theft ==
In November 2013 BIPS was hit by a distributed denial-of-service attack and a follow-on intrusion. About 1,295 BTC, then worth over US$1 million, were stolen. CEO Kris Henriksen said most of the missing funds were from the company’s own holdings. Merchants who had chosen instant fiat conversion were not affected. Wallet functions were disabled while merchant payment services were restored.<ref name="cd">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2013/11/25/bitcoin-payment-processor-bips-attacked-over-1-million-stolen CoinDesk, 25 November 2013: Bitcoin Payment Processor BIPS Attacked, Over $1 Million Stolen]</ref><ref name="mash">[http://mashable.com/2013/11/25/cyberattack-leads-to-heist-of-1-million-in-bitcoin/ Mashable, 25 November 2013: Cyberattack Leads to $1 Million Bitcoin Heist]</ref>

After that breach, BIPS wound down consumer wallet functions.

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2013/11/25/bitcoin-payment-processor-bips-attacked-over-1-million-stolen CoinDesk breach report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]
[[Category:Defunct services]]

Kapiton.se

2026-09-22T18:45:19Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Feb 2013 shutdown

{{infobox company
| name = Kapiton
| industry = [[Exchange|Fiat exchange]]
| founder = [[Sebastian Manitski]]
| owner = [[Sebastian Manitski]]
| website = https://kapiton.se
| pairs = SEK/BTC
| foundation = May 2, 2011
| defunct = February 27, 2013
}}

'''Kapiton''' was a bitcoin currency exchange and trading platform in Sweden. The exchange operated a market between Swedish kronor and bitcoins. It was founded on 2 May 2011 and ceased operating on 27 February 2013.

== Operations ==
Funds deposited toward buy orders included bitcoin additions with no deposit fee and SEK via domestic bankgiro transfer. Other bank-transfer options were available by contact. Bitcoin withdrawals carried no fee. SEK withdrawals used domestic bank transfer. Trades incurred a commission fee.

== See also ==
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]
* [[Exchanges]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]

Cubits

2026-09-22T18:34:58Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Dec 2018 administration

{{infobox company
| name = Cubits
| image = [[File:Cubits_Logo_square.png|200px]]
| industry = Payment processor / wallet / exchange
| founder = Tim Rehder, Julian Mautner, Andreas Lehrbaum
| foundation = 2014 (launch early 2015)
| defunct = December 2018
| headquarters = London, United Kingdom
| website = https://cubits.com
}}

'''Cubits''' was a UK bitcoin platform for buying, selling, storing, and accepting bitcoin. It operated as a web wallet and payment service with card and bank rails in multiple currencies. The legal entity was Dooga Ltd, trading as Cubits. The company entered UK administration in December 2018 after reporting a large alleged fraud loss, and exchange and wallet services stopped.

== History ==
Cubits was founded in 2014 and launched around January 2015. The service marketed instant buy/sell with major cards and European payment methods, cold storage for customer bitcoin, and merchant payment tools.

In 2018 the company publicly described a severe loss tied to an alleged external fraud involving client accounts and a payment processor, with reported figures on the order of tens of millions of euros. Recovery efforts were said to have failed.<ref>[https://www.coindesk.com/cubits-enters-administration-amid-alleged-32-million-fraud CoinDesk: Cubits enters administration amid alleged fraud]</ref>

In December 2018 Dooga Ltd entered administration in the United Kingdom. A company press release around 11 December 2018 named joint administrators from Opus Restructuring & Insolvency. Users reported withdrawals frozen as the platform went offline.<ref>[https://fintelegram.com/cryptotrader-cubits-files-insolvency-procedures/ FinTelegram: Cubits / Dooga administration (Dec 2018)]</ref><ref>[https://bitcoinist.com/cubits-is-bankrupt-and-withholding-user-funds-as-onecoin-ties-exposed/ Bitcoinist: Cubits administration coverage (Dec 2018)]</ref> Secondary sources vary slightly on the exact day within a 10–11 December 2018 window.

== Former products ==
* Web wallet for buy, sell, and custody of bitcoin
* Multi-currency fiat on-ramps and off-ramps
* Merchant payment processing features

== External links ==
* [https://fintelegram.com/cryptotrader-cubits-files-insolvency-procedures/ FinTelegram: Cubits administration]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190101000000/https://cubits.com/ Cubits website (archived)]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct companies]]
[[Category:Defunct services]]
[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]

Coinnext

2026-09-22T18:26:48Z

NotATether: Expand history; note early-2015 shutdown and open-source release

{{infobox company
| name = Coinnext
| industry = Cryptocurrency exchange
| website =
}}

'''Coinnext''' was a cryptocurrency exchange for trading bitcoin and altcoins. The exchange offered bitcoin and altcoin trading through a web service and maintained a Twitter account.

By early 2015 the matching-engine software had been published as open source on GitHub under the doomhz/coinnext repository, titled as a crypto currency exchange for bitcoin to altcoins.<ref>[https://github.com/doomhz/coinnext GitHub: doomhz/coinnext]</ref> A Reddit thread from that period described the release as open-source crypto exchange code published after the live venue had stopped.<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2uv04z/open_source_crypto_exchange_coinnext/ Reddit: Open Source Crypto Exchange Coinnext]</ref>

Operations had ceased by early 2015, when that matching-engine code was published.

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [https://github.com/doomhz/coinnext GitHub: doomhz/coinnext]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]

CoinMKT

2026-09-22T18:17:50Z

NotATether: Expand history; note ANX domain and brand purchase

{{infobox company
| name = CoinMKT
| industry = Cryptocurrency exchange
| foundation = 2013
| founder = Travis Skweres, Ola Ajayi
| location = Santa Monica, California, United States
| website =
}}

'''CoinMKT''' was a United States cryptocurrency exchange founded by Travis Skweres and Ola Ajayi in Santa Monica, California. The coinmkt.com domain was registered on 13 April 2013 and the website launched on 1 May 2013. During its public beta it advertised real-money trading of bitcoin and several altcoins against USD and among supported pairs, HTML5 web access, and cold storage for a large share of deposits.

== ANX domain and brand purchase ==
On 27 January 2015 Hong Kong-based exchange ANX purchased the domain name and brand rights to CoinMKT.com as part of a push into the US market. CoinMKT was to continue under the ANX umbrella using ANX technology, with the founders helping with the transition.<ref name="anx">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2015/01/27/hong-kong-exchange-anx-chases-us-market-with-coinmkt-acquisition CoinDesk, 27 January 2015: Hong Kong Exchange ANX Chases US Market with CoinMKT Acquisition]</ref>

That purchase of domain and brand rights does not by itself document a full transfer of customer liabilities.

== Former products ==
The exchange listed inter-trading among BTC, LTC, PPC, TRC, NVC, NMC, FTC and USD, cryptocurrency deposits without a stated deposit fee, and USD funding and withdrawal options that included wire transfer, money order, [[Dwolla]], ACH/eCheck, and mailed cheque. EUR SEPA rails were listed as forthcoming in its public-beta listings.

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2015/01/27/hong-kong-exchange-anx-chases-us-market-with-coinmkt-acquisition CoinDesk ANX/CoinMKT report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]

Bitcoin Argentina

2026-09-22T18:09:01Z

NotATether: Expand history; note mailing-list model and discontinuation

{{infobox company
| name = Bitcoin Argentina
| industry = Local bitcoin matching / mailing list
| location = Buenos Aires, Argentina
| website =
}}

'''Bitcoin Argentina''' was a bilingual mailing list managed by the non-profit Eudemocracia. Members posted buy and sell offers to exchange bitcoins with one another. It was a local matching service rather than a conventional order-book exchange.

== Operations ==
The service used cash and bank-transfer settlement between members and charged no fees; donations were accepted. Join instructions and a Spanish companion page were published on eudemocracia.org and related wiki hosts.<ref>Eudemocracia service information.</ref>

Eudemocracia described itself as a non-profit promoting internet tools for direct community participation. Its contact details pointed to Buenos Aires, Argentina.

== Discontinuation ==
The service was discontinued and the domain later changed ownership.

== See also ==
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Exchanges]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct services]]

Bitcoin Nordic

2026-09-22T17:59:59Z

NotATether: Expand history; note discontinued credit-card rail and later closure

{{infobox company
| name = Bitcoin Nordic
| industry = Bitcoin exchange
| foundation = 2 April 2012
| location = Denmark
| website =
}}

'''Bitcoin Nordic''' was a Denmark-based bitcoin exchange that offered several fiat funding and withdrawal methods. The service was announced on 2 April 2012.<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=75075.0 Bitcointalk: BitcoinNordic announcement]</ref>

== History ==
At launch the exchange marketed Scandinavian credit-card purchases alongside bank and cash rails. On 30 May 2012 it discontinued credit-card purchases after its merchant processor, eWire, ended the relationship, citing Visa and Mastercard pressure.<ref>[http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/uaicw/bitcoinnordic_discontinues_credit_card_purchases/c4ttz8g Reddit: BitcoinNordic discontinues credit card purchases]</ref>

On 14 July 2012 the operator announced CashU support for purchases aimed at customers in the Middle East and North Africa.<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=93352.0 Bitcointalk: Bitcoin Nordic CashU announcement]</ref>

The exchange later discontinued services. The available historical record does not establish an exact closing date.

== Former funding methods ==
While the exchange operated, purchase rails included:

* Bank wire: SEPA euro transfers from the EU, domestic Danish krone wires, and international USD wires to a Danish account
* Cash or cheque by mail in Denmark, or in-person deposit in Copenhagen by appointment, in currencies including EUR, DKK, USD, GBP, NOK, and SEK
* CashU card redemption
* UKash vouchers used to fund a CashU account

Sell-side settlement was described as PayPal or SEPA bank transfer after a sale priced from [[Mt. Gox]] less a fee, with the sell trade said to complete within 24 hours.

== See also ==
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]
* [[Exchanges]]

== External links ==
* [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=75075.0 Bitcointalk launch thread]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]

Coldcard

2026-09-22T17:49:32Z

NotATether: Expand Coldcard into full article; replace redirect

{{hatnote|Coldcard is a product of [[Coinkite]]. Corporate history of Coinkite is covered on that title.}}
{{infobox software
| name = Coldcard
| developer = [[Coinkite]]
| platform = Dedicated hardware
| license = Verifiable / open firmware materials published by vendor
| website = https://coldcard.com/
}}

'''Coldcard''' is a Bitcoin-only hardware wallet from [[Coinkite]], designed for air-gapped or tightly controlled transaction signing.

== Design ==
As of September 2026, coldcard.com presents Coldcard as a Bitcoin-only device that can be set up on-device without a required Coldcard account or mandatory companion app, with compatible wallet software chosen by the user, PSBT workflows, and standard recovery material. Air-gapped signing and verifiable source code are emphasised on that homepage.<ref name="home">[https://coldcard.com/ Coldcard homepage]</ref>

Coldcard documentation describes BIP39 seed backup (including passphrase support), native Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction (PSBT, BIP 174) workflows, MicroSD “sneakernet” air-gap use, USB operation, MicroPython-based firmware, and encrypted MicroSD backup.<ref name="docs">[https://coldcard.com/docs Coldcard docs]</ref>

== Models and features ==
The Coldcard site lists current and recent device lines (including Mk5 and Q product pages linked from the homepage) and documents optional interfaces such as MicroSD, NFC, USB-C, and QR-oriented workflows depending on model. Homepage marketing also lists duress PIN features among advanced security tools.<ref name="home" />

== See also ==
* [[Coinkite]]
* [[Hardware wallet]]
* [[Ledger]]
* [[Wallets]]

== External links ==
* [https://coldcard.com/ Coldcard]
* [https://coldcard.com/docs Coldcard docs]
* [https://github.com/Coldcard/firmware Coldcard firmware (GitHub)]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Hardware]]
[[Category:Open Source]]

Samourai Wallet

2026-09-22T17:40:31Z

NotATether: Create Samourai Wallet article; note arrests, pleas, and sentencing

{{infobox software
| name = Samourai Wallet
| developer = Keonne Rodriguez, William Lonergan Hill (historical)
| platform = Android (historical)
| website =
}}

'''Samourai Wallet''' was a Bitcoin-focused privacy wallet and associated Whirlpool mixing service. Founders Keonne Rodriguez and William Lonergan Hill developed the software. U.S. authorities seized the project's website in April 2024 in connection with the criminal case described below.<ref name="arrest">[https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2024/04/24/samourai-wallet-founders-arrested-and-charged-with-money-laundering CoinDesk, 24 April 2024: Samourai Wallet Founders Arrested and Charged with Money Laundering]</ref>

== Product ==
Samourai Wallet offered mobile bitcoin wallet features aimed at privacy-conscious users, including coin-control oriented tools and Whirlpool, a collaborative mixing service. Detailed feature lists and claimed volumes beyond court-related reporting are not expanded here.

== Arrests and indictment allegations ==
On 24 April 2024 Rodriguez was arrested in the United States and Hill in Portugal on charges brought by the U.S. Department of Justice / Southern District of New York. An indictment alleged money-laundering conspiracy and conspiracy to operate an unlicensed money-transmitting business. Prosecutors alleged that Samourai Wallet was used to launder more than $100 million in criminal proceeds; those volume figures remain indictment allegations.<ref name="arrest" /> The Iceland-hosted Samourai website was seized, and a seizure warrant targeted the Google Play listing.<ref name="arrest" />

== Guilty pleas ==
On 30 July 2025, before U.S. District Judge Denise Cote in the Southern District of New York, Rodriguez and Hill pleaded guilty to conspiracy to operate an unlicensed money-transmitting business. The money-laundering conspiracy count was dropped under the plea. They agreed to forfeit almost $238 million combined, with $6.3 million to be paid before a November sentencing date.<ref name="plea">[https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2025/07/30/samourai-wallet-devs-plead-guilty-to-conspiring-to-run-unlicensed-money-transmitter CoinDesk, 30 July 2025: Samourai Wallet Devs Plead Guilty to Conspiring to Run Unlicensed Money Transmitter]</ref>

== Sentencing ==
On 6 November 2025 Judge Cote sentenced Rodriguez to five years in prison, the statutory maximum for the count of conviction, plus three years of probation upon release and a $250,000 fine. Hill was to be sentenced later that month.<ref name="sent">[https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2025/11/06/samourai-wallet-developer-sentenced-to-5-years-in-prison-for-unlicensed-money-transmitting CoinDesk, 6 November 2025: Samourai Wallet Developer Sentenced to 5 Years in Prison]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Privacy]]
* [[Wallets]]
* [[Mixing service]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2024/04/24/samourai-wallet-founders-arrested-and-charged-with-money-laundering CoinDesk arrest report]
* [https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2025/07/30/samourai-wallet-devs-plead-guilty-to-conspiring-to-run-unlicensed-money-transmitter CoinDesk plea report]
* [https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2025/11/06/samourai-wallet-developer-sentenced-to-5-years-in-prison-for-unlicensed-money-transmitting CoinDesk Rodriguez sentencing report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Privacy]]
[[Category:Clients]]
[[Category:Defunct products]]

Ledger

2026-09-22T17:30:50Z

NotATether: Create Ledger article with sourced company overview

{{infobox company
| name = Ledger
| industry = Hardware wallets / digital-asset security
| foundation = 2014
| location = France (Paris and other offices per company page)
| website = https://www.ledger.com/
}}

'''Ledger''' is a French company that designs self-custody hardware wallets and related software for managing digital assets. The company states that it started in 2014. Its consumer line centres on hardware devices paired with the Ledger Live application, with a separate Ledger Enterprise offering for institutional custody infrastructure.<ref name="co">[https://www.ledger.com/the-company Ledger: The company]</ref>

== Technology ==
Ledger describes its devices as using a Secure Element chip and a proprietary operating system. Ledger Live is presented as the companion application for buying, storing, swapping, and managing assets in conjunction with those devices. Enterprise materials describe customisable infrastructure for banks, funds, and high-net-worth clients.<ref name="co" />

== Scale claims ==
On its company page Ledger states that it has sold more than 7 million devices and has clients in 180 countries, and gives figures for its employees and offices.<ref name="co" />

== Products ==
Consumer hardware has been sold under Nano and related product names.

== See also ==
* [[Hardware wallet]]
* [[Coldcard]]
* [[Wallets]]
* [[Companies]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.ledger.com/ Ledger]
* [https://www.ledger.com/the-company Ledger company page]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Hardware]]

Edge

2026-09-22T17:20:12Z

NotATether: Create Edge article; note Airbitz origin and 2017 rename

{{hatnote|For the pre-2017 brand and early wallet line, see [[Airbitz]].}}
{{infobox software
| name = Edge
| developer = Edge Security
| predecessor = [[Airbitz]]
| website = https://edge.app/
}}

'''Edge''' is a non-custodial multi-asset wallet line from Edge Security, continuing the mobile wallet formerly branded [[Airbitz]]. The company announced the rename on 28 October 2017, stating that Airbitz would operate under Edge branding with an emphasis on client-side Edge Security, and introducing Edge Wallet as an overhaul of the Airbitz wallet.<ref name="edgeblog">[https://edge.app/blog/company-news/airbitz-is-now-edge/ Edge blog, 28 October 2017: Airbitz is now Edge!]</ref>

== History ==
Airbitz began as a San Diego wallet and merchant-location product with open-source clients and community [[Libbitcoin]] server use.<ref name="airbitz">[[Airbitz]]</ref> The October 2017 announcement described Edge Wallet as written with a modular architecture to secure and transact with blockchains and tokens, with conversion between supported digital assets and SegWit support for bitcoin and litecoin.<ref name="edgeblog" />

== Products ==
As of September 2026, edge.app presents Edge as a non-custodial wallet product for managing digital assets on user devices without Edge custody of private keys, alongside support and documentation materials on the same site.<ref name="home">[https://edge.app/ Edge homepage]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Airbitz]]
* [[Wallets]]
* [[Libbitcoin]]

== External links ==
* [https://edge.app/ Edge]
* [https://edge.app/blog/company-news/airbitz-is-now-edge/ Rebrand announcement]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Clients]]
[[Category:Mobile]]
[[Category:Companies]]

CloudHashing

2026-09-22T17:09:49Z

NotATether: Expand history; note May 2014 PeerNova merger

{{infobox company
| name = CloudHashing
| industry = Cloud / hosted bitcoin mining contracts
| founder = Emmanuel Abiodun
| location = Iceland (operations described in contemporary coverage)
| website = https://cloudhashing.com/
}}

'''CloudHashing''' was a company that sold bitcoin mining contracts, founded by Emmanuel Abiodun, with Icelandic mining operations described in contemporary coverage.<ref>[http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/23/5238128/inside-a-4-million-icelandic-bitcoin-mining-consortium The Verge, 23 December 2013: Inside a $4 million Icelandic bitcoin-mining consortium]</ref>

== PeerNova merger ==
On 2 May 2014 CloudHashing merged with HighBitcoin to form PeerNova. Under that structure PeerNova was to offer enterprise mining-infrastructure services while CloudHashing continued as a consumer brand selling mining contracts, using HighBitcoin ASIC technology exclusively going forward, according to Abiodun. Atiq Raza was named chairman in that announcement.<ref name="cd">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2014/05/02/cloudhashing-highbitcoin-merge-hosted-mining-with-asics-to-form-peernova CoinDesk, 2 May 2014: CloudHashing, HighBitcoin Merge Hosted Mining with ASICs to Form PeerNova]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cloud Mining]]
* [[Mining]]
* [[Companies]]

== External links ==
* [https://cloudhashing.com/ CloudHashing]
* [https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2014/05/02/cloudhashing-highbitcoin-merge-hosted-mining-with-asics-to-form-peernova CoinDesk PeerNova merger report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Mining]]

Butterfly Labs

2026-09-22T17:01:47Z

NotATether: Expand history; note FTC settlement and cessation

{{Infobox company
| name = Butterfly Labs, Inc.
| image = [[{{ns:file}}:Logo-butterfly_labs.png|270x64px]]
| industry = [[Mining]] hardware
| foundation = June 2012
| founders = Nasser Ghoseiri, Sonny Vleisides
| location = Kansas City, Missouri
| defunct = effectively ceased after February 2016 FTC orders
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20150901000000*/https://butterflylabs.com https://butterflylabs.com (archived)]
}}

'''Butterfly Labs''' was a Missouri company that produced bitcoin ASIC mining hardware. It was founded in June 2012 by Nasser Ghoseiri and Sonny Vleisides and was headquartered in Kansas City. The firm was known for early ASIC miners aimed at bitcoin hashing, improving efficiency relative to CPU and GPU mining of the period.

== Delivery controversies ==
Customers who pre-ordered mining equipment often waited months or longer for delivery, and some reported never receiving machines. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission sued in 2014, alleging unfair and deceptive practices around availability, profitability, and newness of mining machines and around keeping consumers' up-front payments while delaying or failing to deliver.

== FTC settlement ==
On 18 February 2016 the FTC announced stipulated final orders with Butterfly Labs, part-owner and vice president of product development Sonny Vleisides, and general manager Darla Drake. The orders prohibit misrepresentations about whether a product can generate bitcoins or other virtual currency, about delivery dates, and about whether products are new or used. They also restrict taking up-front payments for mining machines unless the product is available and will be delivered within 30 days, with refund obligations if delivery misses that window, plus rules on refunds for damaged or defective goods and on permission before late delivery.<ref name="ftc">[https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2016/02/operators-bitcoin-mining-operation-butterfly-labs-agree-settle-ftc-charges-they-deceived-consumers FTC press release, 18 February 2016: Operators of Bitcoin Mining Operation Butterfly Labs Agree to Settle FTC Charges]</ref>

The same release states partially suspended monetary judgments: $38,615,161 against Butterfly Labs and Vleisides, suspended upon payment of $15,000 by the company and $4,000 by Vleisides; and $135,878 against Drake, suspended once she surrendered the cash value of bitcoins obtained using company machines. Judgments were suspended based on inability to pay and could become due if financial condition had been misrepresented. Those large dollar figures are suspended judgment amounts, not a recorded customer-refund total.<ref name="ftc" />

After the FTC orders the company effectively ceased operations. A precise final closure date after the February 2016 settlement is not established in the cited materials.

== See also ==
* [[Mining]]
* [[ASIC]]
* [[Companies]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2016/02/operators-bitcoin-mining-operation-butterfly-labs-agree-settle-ftc-charges-they-deceived-consumers FTC settlement press release]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://butterflylabs.com Archived butterflylabs.com]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct companies]]
[[Category:Mining]]

Coinify

2026-09-22T16:53:30Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Voyager acquisition and Ascension sale

{{infobox company
| name = Coinify
| industry = Cryptocurrency payment processing / trading
| location = Copenhagen, Denmark (Vesterbrogade address on site)
| website = https://coinify.com/
}}

'''Coinify''' is a Danish cryptocurrency payments and trading company. It operated as a payment processor with merchant bitcoin acceptance and fiat settlement.

== Voyager acquisition and sale ==
On 2 August 2021 Voyager Digital announced acquisition of Coinify ApS, describing Coinify as a cryptocurrency payment platform with a global user base in over 150 countries and framing the deal as accelerating Voyager's international expansion.<ref name="acq">[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/voyager-digital-acquires-leading-global-cryptocurrency-payment-processing-company-coinify-301345810.html PR Newswire, 2 August 2021: Voyager Digital Acquires Coinify]</ref>

In August 2022, during Voyager's U.S. Chapter 11 restructuring, Voyager announced agreement to sell all equity interests in Coinify ApS to Ascension ApS, an entity owned by certain Coinify management members, for US$2 million cash, with a conditional earn-out if Ascension later sold Coinify within three years. The U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York approved the sale on 16 August 2022. That Coinify sale is distinct from Voyager's broader brokerage wind-down.<ref name="sale">[https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/voyager-announces-coinify-sale-835016303.html Newswire.ca, 17 August 2022: Voyager Announces Coinify Sale]</ref>

Coinify continued as an operating brand after that sale. Continuity of Coinify is not the same event as Voyager's Chapter 11 wind-down of the U.S. brokerage.

== Products ==
As of September 2026, coinify.com presents merchant payment solutions, corporate and individual trading products, and a Copenhagen (Denmark) company address, along with fee schedules and supported-asset information.<ref name="home">[https://coinify.com/ Coinify homepage]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Companies]]
* [[Shopping Cart Interfaces]]

== External links ==
* [https://coinify.com/ Coinify]
* [https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/voyager-digital-acquires-leading-global-cryptocurrency-payment-processing-company-coinify-301345810.html Voyager acquisition PR]
* [https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/voyager-announces-coinify-sale-835016303.html Voyager Coinify sale announcement]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:ECommerce]]
[[Category:Shopping Cart Interfaces]]
[[Category:Payment Processors]]

Bitwala

2026-09-22T16:43:56Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Nuri wind-down and 2023 Striga relaunch

{{infobox company
| name = Bitwala
| industry = Crypto payments / neobank-style banking interface
| foundation = October 2015
| founder = Jörg von Minckwitz, Jan Goslicki, Benjamin P. Jones
| location = Berlin, Germany
| website = https://www.bitwala.com/
}}

'''Bitwala''' is a Berlin-origin crypto payments brand that has operated under the Bitwala name, rebranded to Nuri, wound down Nuri's banking product after insolvency proceedings, and later relaunched again as Bitwala with Striga infrastructure. Founders Jörg von Minckwitz, Jan Goslicki, and Benjamin P. Jones launched the company in October 2015. Early products included SEPA and SWIFT fiat payouts funded by bitcoin or altcoins, a Visa-linked debit card programme, and later wallet and mobile apps.

== Early products ==
Early products included bitcoin-funded international transfers into local bank accounts, EmailPay payouts to e-mail recipients, a prepaid Visa debit card issued through Wave Crest Holdings under a Visa Europe licence arrangement, and HD multi-signature wallet features with two-factor authentication. In March 2016 the company raised a seed round of about US$910,000 led by High-Tech Gründerfonds with participation from Digital Currency Group.

== Nuri rebrand and wind-down ==
Before May 2021 the company rebranded to Nuri, offering a bank-account-style product combined with bitcoin and ether wallets.<ref name="decrypt">[https://decrypt.co/112359/berlin-bitcoin-neobank-nuri-shutters-business-warns-clients-withdraw-funds Decrypt, 19 October 2022: Berlin Bitcoin Neobank Nuri Shutters Business, Warns Clients to Withdraw Funds]</ref>

Nuri filed for insolvency in August 2022 after workforce reductions during the crypto market downturn, worked with insolvency administrators on restructuring, and failed to find investors or an acquirer. CEO Kristina Walcker-Mayer stated that customers should withdraw funds by 18 December 2022 so the business could be terminated and liquidated.<ref name="decrypt" />

== 2023 Bitwala relaunch ==
On 8 November 2023 Bitwala relaunched with Striga providing compliant digital-asset and banking infrastructure, so Bitwala did not need to carry the full regulatory burden of building that stack itself. The company said the Bitwala app was live in 29 countries in the European Economic Area for bitcoin and ether exchanged to euro and sent by SEPA transfer, and listed Lightning Network and crypto-backed Visa debit card support among planned development goals.<ref name="striga">[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/striga-powers-bitwalas-comeback-to-european-crypto-301975975.html PR Newswire, 8 November 2023: Striga Powers Bitwala's Comeback to European Crypto]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Companies]]
* [[ShapeShift]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.bitwala.com/ Bitwala]
* [https://decrypt.co/112359/berlin-bitcoin-neobank-nuri-shutters-business-warns-clients-withdraw-funds Decrypt Nuri wind-down report]
* [https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/striga-powers-bitwalas-comeback-to-european-crypto-301975975.html Striga / Bitwala PR (8 November 2023)]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Services]]
[[Category:Financial]]

Airbitz

2026-09-22T16:33:11Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Oct 2017 rebrand to Edge

{{hatnote|For the continuing wallet line after the 2017 rebrand, see [[Edge]].}}
{{infobox software
| name = Airbitz
| developer = Airbitz / Edge Security
| successor = [[Edge]]
| location = San Diego, California
| website = https://edge.app/
}}

'''Airbitz''' was a San Diego–based mobile bitcoin wallet and merchant-directory product for Android and iOS. It hosted community [[Libbitcoin_Server|Libbitcoin Server]] nodes, published open-source clients based on [[Libbitcoin]], and contributed employee work to libbitcoin libraries.

== Rebrand to Edge ==
On 28 October 2017 the company announced that Airbitz was rebranding to Edge, highlighting client-side Edge Security branding, and introduced Edge Wallet as a major overhaul of the Airbitz wallet. The announcement highlighted a modular architecture intended to secure and transact across blockchains and tokens, conversion between supported digital assets, and SegWit support for bitcoin and litecoin in that release line.<ref name="edgeblog">[https://edge.app/blog/company-news/airbitz-is-now-edge/ Edge blog, 28 October 2017: Airbitz is now Edge!]</ref><ref name="medium">[https://medium.com/edgewallet/airbitz-is-now-edge-461fff6af2d0 Medium / Edge Wallet, 28 October 2017: Airbitz is now Edge]</ref>

Product history after the rename is covered on [[Edge]].

== See also ==
* [[Edge]]
* [[Wallets]]
* [[Libbitcoin]]

== External links ==
* [https://edge.app/ Edge]
* [https://edge.app/blog/company-news/airbitz-is-now-edge/ Airbitz is now Edge (company blog)]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Clients]]
[[Category:Mobile]]
[[Category:Companies]]

BitInstant

2026-09-22T16:23:45Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Jul 2013 cessation and Shrem sentencing

{{infobox company
| name = BitInstant
| industry = Bitcoin payment / exchange funding service
| foundation = 2011
| founder = Gareth Nelson, Charlie Shrem
| location = New York City
| defunct = about July 2013
| website =
}}

'''BitInstant''' was a New York–based service that let customers fund bitcoin exchange accounts and related destinations with cash and other rails faster than many bank transfers of the period. Founders Gareth Nelson and Charlie Shrem announced the project in media coverage dated 23 August 2011.<ref name="betabeat">[http://www.betabeat.com/2011/08/23/bored-with-bitcoin-bitinstant-is-about-to-goose-the-market-by-making-trading-faster/ Betabeat, 23 August 2011]</ref> It offered U.S. cash deposits at retail locations, Dwolla, and redeemable codes from [[Mt. Gox]], [[Bitstamp]], and [[BTC-e]], with destinations that included those exchanges, [[VirWoX]], e-mail or bitcoin address delivery via Coinapult, and fees that started near 0.26% and varied by route.

== History ==
BitInstant was based in New York City with a United Kingdom office. On 16 April 2012 the service began offering Coinapult as a destination so cash deposits could be claimed by e-mail or SMS.<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=76863.0 Bitcointalk: BitInstant Pay-to-Email]</ref> On 5 June 2012 it launched an integration with the [[BitcoinSpinner]] mobile app.<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87852.0 Bitcointalk: Bitcoin Spinner App Update]</ref>

According to U.S. Attorney materials for the Southern District of New York, BitInstant ceased operating about July 2013. Charlie Shrem was Chief Executive Officer and, from about August 2011 until that cessation, Compliance Officer responsible for anti-money laundering compliance.<ref name="dojplea">[https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/September14/FaiellaShremPleasPR.php U.S. Attorney SDNY press release, 4 September 2014: Faiella and Shrem pleas]</ref><ref name="dojsent">[https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/December14/ShremCharlieSentencingPR.php U.S. Attorney SDNY press release, 19 December 2014: Shrem sentencing]</ref>

== Plea and sentencing ==
On 4 September 2014, before U.S. District Judge Jed S. Rakoff in the Southern District of New York, Shrem pleaded guilty to aiding and abetting an unlicensed money-transmitting business operated by Robert M. Faiella (also known as BTCKing) in connection with bitcoin sales tied to Silk Road drug trafficking. The same release states Faiella pleaded guilty to operating an unlicensed money-transmitting business. Shrem's plea count carried a statutory maximum of five years.<ref name="dojplea" />

On 19 December 2014 Judge Rakoff sentenced Shrem to two years in prison, three years of supervised release, and forfeiture of $950,000 representing funds involved in the offense that were intended to promote illegal activity. The U.S. Attorney identified Shrem as former CEO and Compliance Officer of BitInstant and former Vice Chairman of the Bitcoin Foundation, and stated that BitInstant ceased operating about July 2013.<ref name="dojsent" />

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]
* [[Mt. Gox]]
* [[Buying bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/September14/FaiellaShremPleasPR.php SDNY plea press release (4 September 2014)]
* [https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/December14/ShremCharlieSentencingPR.php SDNY sentencing press release (19 December 2014)]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]
[[Category:Financial]]

Bitcurex

2026-09-22T16:14:56Z

NotATether: Expand history; note 2016 outage and prosecutor notices

{{infobox company
| name = Bitcurex
| industry = [[Exchange|Bitcoin exchange]]
| foundation = July 2012
| location = Łódź, Poland
| operator = Digital Future
| website =
}}

'''Bitcurex''' was a Polish bitcoin exchange based in Łódź and operated by Digital Future. It launched in July 2012 after a BitcoinTalk announcement on 16 July 2012 and supported trading against PLN, EUR, and USD.<ref name="btalk">[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=93592.0 BitcoinTalk: Presenting a new Bitcoin exchange – bitcurex.com]</ref> It offered high unverified and verified transaction limits and stated that a fraction of user funds remained in a hot wallet.

== March 2014 hot-wallet incident ==
In March 2014 Bitcurex was targeted in a hacking attack. The exchange tightened security afterward.<ref>[http://www.coindesk.com/polish-bitcoin-exchange-bitcurex-targeted-hacking-attack/ CoinDesk: Polish Bitcoin Exchange Bitcurex Targeted by Hacking Attack]</ref>

== October 2016 outage and reported loss ==
Site problems began on 13 October 2016 with Polish operator messages that initially described an update-related temporary suspension. Later messages referred to network and security work and a possibility of withdrawals when service returned. A subsequent operator update said a third party had performed automated data collection resulting in partial asset loss. Contemporaneous coverage associated large outbound transfers from a Bitcurex-linked address on 13 October with a reported sum over 2,300 BTC (then described as over $1.5 million). Those loss figures are reported amounts from contemporaneous coverage, not a court-established recovery total.<ref name="bcom">[https://news.bitcoin.com/bitcurex-forced-million-theft/ Bitcoin.com, 28 October 2016: Bitcurex Forced to Shut Down After $1.5 million Theft]</ref>

Bitcurex estimated a possible restart by the end of November 2016. Lasting public trading service was not restored on the historical platform after that sequence.<ref name="bcom" />

== Prosecutor notices ==
Prokuratura Okręgowa w Łodzi published notices about investigations connected to Bitcurex and Digital Future.

A notice dated around the 30 June 2021 suspension order (sygn. PO IX Ds 1.2020, earlier PO VI Ds 50.2016) describes M. L. as a suspect in alleged offences including transfer of cryptocurrency from the Bitcurex wallet on 13 October 2016 after unauthorised access to part of Digital Future's IT system, and related alleged property offences against users in connection with Bitcurex activity. The investigation was suspended under art. 22 § 1 k.p.k.<ref name="gov2021">[https://www.gov.pl/web/po-lodz/zawiadomienie-o-zawieszeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-po-ix-ds-12020-dot-gieldy-kryptowalut-bitcurex Prokuratura Okręgowa w Łodzi: Zawiadomienie o zawieszeniu śledztwa PO IX Ds 1.2020]</ref>

A later komunikat states that by order of 8 December 2023 (sygn. 3026-23.Ds.5.2023) the investigation against M. L. on related alleged counts was again suspended, with the stated reason including the need to await cryptocurrency flow analysis. Those prosecutor materials describe allegations and procedural suspension, not a conviction or a recovered-balance total.<ref name="gov2023">[https://www.gov.pl/web/po-lodz/komunikat-o-zawieszeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-3026-23ds52023-dot-gieldy-kryptowalut-bitcurex Prokuratura Okręgowa w Łodzi: Komunikat o zawieszeniu śledztwa 3026-23.Ds.5.2023 (8 December 2023 order)]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]
* [[Buying bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [https://news.bitcoin.com/bitcurex-forced-million-theft/ Bitcoin.com October 2016 report]
* [https://www.gov.pl/web/po-lodz/komunikat-o-zawieszeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-3026-23ds52023-dot-gieldy-kryptowalut-bitcurex Gov.pl komunikat (3026-23.Ds.5.2023)]
* [https://www.gov.pl/web/po-lodz/zawiadomienie-o-zawieszeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-po-ix-ds-12020-dot-gieldy-kryptowalut-bitcurex Gov.pl zawiadomienie (PO IX Ds 1.2020)]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]

Hive

2026-09-22T16:07:35Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Sep 2015 unsupported status

{{infobox software
| name = Hive
| developer = Hive / Wendell Davis
| platform = macOS, iOS, Android, Web
| license = Open source
| website = http://hivewallet.com
}}

'''Hive''' was a lightweight [[Thin Client Security|thin client]] bitcoin wallet for macOS, iOS, Android, and Web, built primarily on [[bitcoinj]] with an emphasis on ease of use. It is officially unsupported.<ref name="tweet">[https://twitter.com/hivewallet/status/645402186260721664 @hivewallet, 20 September 2015]</ref><ref name="ct">[http://cointelegraph.com/news/115305/hive-wallet-is-officially-unsupported Cointelegraph: Hive Wallet is Officially Unsupported]</ref>

== History ==
Hive's macOS alpha was released on 28 September 2013 and promoted at the European Bitcoin convention.<ref>[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=304060.0 Bitcointalk: Hive launch thread]</ref> The project later acquired Bridgewalker, a euro-oriented Android bitcoin app designed for speed.<ref>[http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-wallet-hive-purchases-android-app-bridgewalker/ CoinDesk: Hive purchases Bridgewalker]</ref> By 3 February 2014 the macOS wallet left beta for public download.<ref>[http://www.coindesk.com/hives-bitcoin-wallet-beta-osx-users/ CoinDesk: Hive OS X out of beta]</ref> Hive Web launched around the Inside Bitcoins Hong Kong conference of 24–25 June 2014, and a universal iOS wallet became available on 13 August of that period.<ref>[http://www.coindesk.com/hive-web-wallet-bitcoin-adoption-roadblocks/ CoinDesk: Hive Web]</ref>

On 20 September 2015 founder Wendell Davis announced that the wallet was officially unsupported and recommended other wallets until new maintainers appeared. He stated that the software still worked and that servers would remain online for users who needed them.<ref name="tweet" /><ref name="ct" /><ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3lmi9m/hives_status_officially_unsupported/ Reddit: Hive's status]</ref>

== Products ==
Features included a contacts-oriented interface, open-source licensing, an integrated application platform, SPV startup, Tor support, multi-language packs, automatic updates, Payment Protocol support, a geolocation “Waggle” feature, and multi-token support across platforms.

== See also ==
* [[Thin Client Security]]
* [[Wallets]]
* [[bitcoinj]]

== External links ==
* [http://hivewallet.com Hive]
* [https://github.com/hivewallet Hive GitHub]
* [https://twitter.com/hivewallet @hivewallet]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct products]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]
[[Category:Clients]]
[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Open Source]]
[[Category:Mac OS X]]
[[Category:Android]]
[[Category:iOS]]

Vault of Satoshi

2026-09-22T15:58:42Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Feb 2015 closure and proof of solvency

{{infobox company
| name = Vault of Satoshi
| industry = [[Exchange|Bitcoin exchange]]
| foundation = Public launch 7 October 2013 (public penetration testing from April 2013)
| founder = Mike Curry, Ryan van Barneveld
| location = Canada
| defunct = 5 February 2015
| website = https://vaultofsatoshi.com
}}

'''Vault of Satoshi''' was a Canadian bitcoin exchange that offered fiat-to-bitcoin trading among members. Public penetration testing began in April 2013 and public launch followed on 7 October 2013. Deposit methods included Interac Online and on-site Interac debit deposits, Vault of Satoshi codes, bank wire, PAD, online bill payment, and InstaBT; withdrawals included Mastercard and Interac debit cards, PayPal, and EFT.

== Proof of solvency ==
Vault of Satoshi announced a transparent solvency audit using open-source proof-of-solvency software.<ref>[http://www.coindesk.com/vault-satoshi-announces-proof-solvency-service/ CoinDesk: Vault of Satoshi proof-of-solvency announcement]</ref><ref>[https://github.com/olalonde/proof-of-solvency proof-of-solvency (GitHub)]</ref>

== Closure ==
On 5 January 2015 co-founder Mike Curry said the exchange would close so the founders could focus on TurboFlix, a Netflix-library bypass streaming venture. A company notice stated that deposits had stopped and that access to funds and withdrawals would remain available until 5 February. The notice stressed that the closure was not due to insolvency, stolen funds, or a similar incident. Curry and co-founder Ryan van Barneveld framed the decision as personal focus on TurboFlix rather than a bearish view of bitcoin.<ref name="cd">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2015/01/05/vault-of-satoshi-founders-close-bitcoin-exchange-to-focus-on-netflix-startup CoinDesk, 5 January 2015: Vault of Satoshi Founders Close Bitcoin Exchange to Focus on Netflix Startup]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]
* [[Exchanges]]

== External links ==
* [https://vaultofsatoshi.com Vault of Satoshi]
* [https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2015/01/05/vault-of-satoshi-founders-close-bitcoin-exchange-to-focus-on-netflix-startup CoinDesk closure report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]

BitNZ

2026-09-22T15:50:09Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Apr 2017 closure and banking issues

{{infobox company
| name = BitNZ
| industry = [[Exchange|Bitcoin exchange]] (NZD)
| foundation = September 2011
| location = New Zealand
| defunct = April 2017 (withdrawal deadline 15 April 2017)
| website = https://bitnz.com/
}}
{{lowercase}}

'''BitNZ''' was a New Zealand bitcoin exchange for NZD/BTC trading. It was announced on 12 September 2011.<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43609.0 Bitcointalk: bitnz.com – BTC/NZD market]</ref> It offered NZD cash deposits into a BitNZ Westpac account using receipt particulars, NZD withdrawals to New Zealand bank accounts, bitcoin deposits to a per-account address, a 0.5% trade commission, free NZD rails for New Zealand banks, and a 0.0005 BTC withdrawal fee.<ref name="old">Historical BitNZ deposit, withdrawal, and fee description.</ref>

== Closure ==
On 14 February 2017 the operator announced BitNZ was closing because New Zealand banks refused accounts for bitcoin trading, making continued operations impossible. Customers were told to withdraw all funds before 15 April 2017. The operator pointed New Zealand users to sister service Instabit as an alternative. A New Zealand Bitcoin subreddit notice thanked users after more than 11,000 bank transactions since 2011.<ref name="bcom">[https://news.bitcoin.com/new-zealand-exchange-bitnz-shuts-down-banking-hostility/ Bitcoin.com, 14 February 2017: New Zealand Exchange Bitnz Shuts Down Due to Banking Hostility]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]
* [[Exchanges]]

== External links ==
* [https://bitnz.com/ bitNZ]
* [https://news.bitcoin.com/new-zealand-exchange-bitnz-shuts-down-banking-hostility/ Bitcoin.com closure report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]

Expresscoin

2026-09-22T15:41:11Z

NotATether: Expand history; note inactive status and historical payment methods

{{infobox company
| name = Expresscoin
| industry = Bitcoin on-ramp / cash-to-address broker
| website = https://www.expresscoin.com
}}

'''Expresscoin''' was a U.S.-oriented bitcoin and digital-currency on-ramp that sold coins for delivery to a customer-supplied address. It accepted payment by bank wire, personal check, USPS money order, shared credit-union cash deposit, and INTERAC, with a stated 3% fee to buy or sell bitcoin and delivery to the buyer's own wallet rather than a custodial Expresscoin balance.

== Status ==
Expresscoin is treated as inactive. No operator primary source with a dated permanent-closure notice is cited, so the article is not placed in a Defunct exchanges category.

== Historical product ==
Domestic U.S. payment methods included wire, checks, cash deposit via shared banking at credit unions, and USPS money orders. International methods included international wire and INTERAC. Orders were described as payable within one business day. Security materials emphasised customer-held private keys, SSL, and daily backups.

== See also ==
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.expresscoin.com expresscoin.com]

[[Category:Exchanges]]
[[Category:Financial]]
[[Category:Local]]
[[Category:Inactive]]

CCEDK

2026-09-22T15:30:07Z

NotATether: Expand history; note trading-engine shutdown and OpenLedger pivot

{{infobox company
| name = CCEDK
| industry = [[Exchange|Cryptocurrency exchange]] (historical order book); later OpenLedger portal
| foundation = May 2014
| founder = Ronny Boesing
| location = Denmark (Crypto Coins Exchange Denmark ApS)
| website = http://www.ccedk.com
}}

'''CCEDK''' (Crypto Coins Exchange Denmark) was a Danish multi-asset cryptocurrency exchange founded by Ronny Boesing and launched publicly on 24 May 2014 under Crypto Coins Exchange Denmark ApS.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-22/bitcoin-exchange-guarantees-clients-crime-free-trade-in-denmark.html Bloomberg, May 2014 coverage of launch]</ref> order-book trading among BTC, LTC, PPC, and NXT against EUR, USD, GBP, DKK, SEK, NOK, CHF, RUB, and UAH, SOFORT and wire deposits, a marketed 1,000 BTC liquidity pool for early matching, a 0.2% trading fee, and a reserve-fund pitch for fraud or cybercrime losses.

== History ==
On 26 May 2014 coverage noted that CCEDK made 1,000 BTC available for trading and appeared in Danish press as an early domestic bitcoin exchange.<ref>[http://cointelegraph.com/news/111568/ccedk_launches_makes_1000_btc_available_for_trading Cointelegraph: 1000 BTC available for trading on CCEDK]</ref> On 21 June 2014 the exchange advertised instant payment options from more than 1,000 banks in ten EU countries via SOFORT-style rails.<ref>[http://cointelegraph.com/news/111895/danish-exchange-ccedk-offering-direct-payments-from-1000-plus-banks-in-the-eu Cointelegraph: direct payments from 1000-plus banks]</ref>

Bitcoin.com reported on 17 May 2016 that Boesing told users the current trading engine would cease operating for good and that when the exchange re-opened on 1 July 2016, CCEDK would serve as a portal for OpenLedger and as an investment knowledge hub for a “Decentralized Conglomerate” that then included OpenLedger, Obits, BitTeaser, and other blockchain projects. Withdrawals were to remain available on request with no hard cut-off stated in that piece. New facilities described in the statement included escrow, crowdfunding, marketing, and issuance of assets, plus ICO packages for businesses.<ref name="bcom">[https://news.bitcoin.com/ccedk-reopen-finance-incubator/ Bitcoin.com, 17 May 2016: Denmark’s CCEDK to Cease Trading, Reopen as Finance Incubator]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.ccedk.com CCEDK]
* [https://news.bitcoin.com/ccedk-reopen-finance-incubator/ Bitcoin.com OpenLedger pivot report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]
[[Category:Exchanges]]

Bitrefill

2026-09-22T15:21:02Z

NotATether: Create Bitrefill article with sourced history

{{infobox company
| name = Bitrefill
| industry = Cryptocurrency commerce (gift cards, mobile top-ups, related products)
| foundation = 2015
| founders = Sergej Kotliar; Michael Grünberger; Michel Gustavsson
| website = https://www.bitrefill.com/
}}

'''Bitrefill''' is a cryptocurrency commerce company that sells gift cards, mobile phone refills, and related digital products payable in bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, including over the Lightning Network.

== History ==
Bitrefill was founded in 2015 by Sergej Kotliar with co-founders Michael Grünberger and Michel Gustavsson. On 15 June 2019 Bitrefill announced a $2 million late seed round led by Coin Ninja, with participation from Charlie Lee, Fulgur Ventures, Bnktothefuture, and others, to grow Lightning Network products and expand internationally.<ref name="blog">[https://www.bitrefill.com/blog/bitrefill-raises-2m-to-grow-team-and-advance-lightning-network-services/ Bitrefill blog, 15 June 2019: Bitrefill raises $2M to grow team and advance Lightning Network services]</ref>

In that announcement Bitrefill stated that users could purchase gift cards or mobile refills from more than 1,650 businesses in 170 countries, payable with Bitcoin, Lightning, and other cryptocurrencies.<ref name="blog" /> The company also described Lightning payment acceptance as a core focus from 2017 and mentioned Thor / Thor Turbo Lightning channel products and a ThorAPI for partners.<ref name="blog" />

== Products ==
As of September 2026, the Bitrefill homepage presents gift cards, eSIMs, phone refills, and payment cards, with checkout in bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Site figures include 8,000+ products and availability in 180+ countries, plus a running counter of gift cards sold using crypto.<ref name="home">[https://www.bitrefill.com/ Bitrefill homepage]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lightning Network]]
* [[Merchants]]
* [[Companies]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.bitrefill.com/ Bitrefill]
* [https://www.bitrefill.com/blog/bitrefill-raises-2m-to-grow-team-and-advance-lightning-network-services/ 2019 seed announcement]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Services]]
[[Category:ECommerce]]

ShapeShift

2026-09-22T15:13:16Z

NotATether: Create ShapeShift article with sourced history

{{infobox company
| name = ShapeShift
| industry = Cryptocurrency exchange / non-custodial interface
| foundation = 2014
| founder = Erik Voorhees
| location = Colorado (corporate era)
| website = https://shapeshift.com/
}}

'''ShapeShift''' is a cryptocurrency trading service founded in 2014 by Erik Voorhees. In its early years it was known for relatively lightweight, often identity-light instant conversions between digital assets. Over time the product line moved toward a multi-chain interface for swapping, tracking, and related DeFi activity. The corporate entity later wound down into a FOX-token DAO structure.<ref name="cd">[https://www.coindesk.com/business/2021/07/14/shapeshift-to-shut-down-airdrop-fox-tokens-to-decentralize-itself-out-of-existence CoinDesk, 14 July 2021: ShapeShift to Shut Down, Airdrop FOX Tokens to Decentralize Itself Out of Existence]</ref>

== DAO transition ==
On 14 July 2021 ShapeShift planned to wind down operations as a formal company and hand its legacy to a decentralised autonomous organisation controlled by holders of its FOX token. Founder Erik Voorhees said the company would, over roughly four to twelve months, move to a structure with no employees, no bank accounts, and no CEO, framing the step as closing the corporate entity rather than leaving a conventional company atop a protocol.<ref name="cd" />

The plan included an airdrop of 340 million FOX tokens to past ShapeShift users (about 900,000 addresses) and to addresses on several DeFi protocols, with further allocation detail and a claim window in ShapeShift's materials. At the time the company had roughly 65 employees and operated a crypto interface spanning multiple chains and wallets.<ref name="cd" />

== Products ==
As of September 2026, shapeshift.com presents a non-custodial, community-oriented multichain trading and wallet interface under the ShapeShift name, alongside FOX governance materials.<ref name="site">[https://shapeshift.com/ ShapeShift website]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]
* [[Companies]]

== External links ==
* [https://shapeshift.com/ ShapeShift]
* [https://www.coindesk.com/business/2021/07/14/shapeshift-to-shut-down-airdrop-fox-tokens-to-decentralize-itself-out-of-existence CoinDesk DAO transition report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Exchanges]]

Blockstream Green

2026-09-22T15:04:51Z

NotATether: Expand history; note GreenAddress rename and Blockstream App

{{infobox software
| name = Blockstream Green
| developer = [[Blockstream]]
| successor = Blockstream App (announced May 2025)
| website = https://blockstream.com/app/
}}

'''Blockstream Green''' is a bitcoin wallet line from [[Blockstream]], originally launched as GreenAddress and later renamed Blockstream Green. The sister title [[GreenAddress]] redirects here. In May 2025 Blockstream announced the Blockstream App as a redesigned mobile-first wallet built on the Green foundation.<ref name="blog">[https://blog.blockstream.com/introducing-the-blockstream-app-the-bitcoin-wallet-that-grows-with-you-2/ Blockstream blog, 29 May 2025: Introducing the Blockstream App]</ref>

== History ==
GreenAddress offered HD wallets (BIP32) with multisignature accounts, browser and mobile clients, BIP39 mnemonics, and optional Liquid Network support. Two-factor policies included email, SMS, voice call, and Google Authenticator cosigning, with 2-of-2 accounts that relied on pre-generated nLockTime recovery transactions and 2-of-3 accounts that used an additional offline recovery key.

Blockstream later operated the product as Blockstream Green. On 29 May 2025 Blockstream published that the new Blockstream App is built on the foundation of Blockstream Green and carries forward advanced Green features such as hardware-wallet support, fee control, and full-node connectivity in a redesigned interface.<ref name="blog" /> The consumer page at blockstream.com/green/ redirects to the Blockstream App product page at blockstream.com/app/.<ref name="app">[https://blockstream.com/app/ Blockstream App product page]</ref>

== Products ==
Blockstream describes the App as a non-custodial, open-source, multi-platform wallet for bitcoin and Liquid assets, with hardware-wallet integration (including Blockstream Jade), optional purchase flows through partner integrations, and support for connecting to a user's own node.<ref name="blog" /><ref name="app" />

== See also ==
* [[Blockstream]]
* [[GreenAddress]]
* [[Wallets]]

== External links ==
* [https://blockstream.com/app/ Blockstream App]
* [https://blog.blockstream.com/introducing-the-blockstream-app-the-bitcoin-wallet-that-grows-with-you-2/ May 2025 announcement]
* [https://github.com/Blockstream/green_android Green Android (GitHub)]
* [https://github.com/Blockstream/green_ios Green iOS (GitHub)]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Wallets]]
[[Category:Clients]]
[[Category:Mobile]]
[[Category:Frontends]]
[[Category:Services]]
[[Category:HybridEWallets]]

Btc.sx

2026-09-22T14:53:39Z

NotATether: Expand history; note Magnr redirect

{{infobox company
| name = Btc.sx
| industry = Leveraged bitcoin trading (historical)
| foundation = 2013
| location = London (operations moved from Sydney)
| website = https://btc.sx/
}}

'''Btc.sx''' was a London-based bitcoin margin-trading venue founded in 2013. Contemporary coverage described it among early platforms that settled trading in bitcoin rather than fiat on the trading side.<ref>[http://www.zdnet.com/startup-opens-bitcoin-only-margin-trading-platform-7000019715/ ZDNet: Bitcoin-only margin trading platform (2013)]</ref> The company launched from Sydney and was run by CEO Joseph Lee with co-founders George Samman and Vincent Hoong; operations later moved to London.

After the Mt. Gox collapse, Btc.sx reported routing orders to partner exchanges. Seed funding included a SeedCoin round reported in 2014.<ref name="magnr">[[Magnr]] article (lab draft citing ZDNet / PR Newswire / support reply)</ref>

The trading platform later continued under the [[Magnr]] brand, which also marketed an interest-bearing bitcoin savings product. As of 22 September 2026, https://btc.sx returned HTTP 301 to https://magnr.com/.<ref name="redir">HTTP redirect observation, 22 September 2026.</ref> History of the Magnr Trading and Magnr Savings wind-down belongs on [[Magnr]] and is not duplicated here.

== See also ==
* [[Magnr]]
* [[Trading]]

== External links ==
* [https://btc.sx/ btc.sx (redirects)]
* [https://magnr.com/ Magnr]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct companies]]
[[Category:Defunct services]]
[[Category:Trading]]

Cryptsy

2026-09-22T14:42:36Z

NotATether: Expand history; add receivership and Jul 2017 judgment

{{infobox company
| name = Cryptsy
| industry = [[Exchange|Cryptocurrency exchange]]
| foundation = 20 May 2013
| defunct = 2016 (receivership; trading earlier halted)
| location = Delray Beach, Florida, United States
| operator = Project Investors, Inc.
| website =
}}

'''Cryptsy''' was a Florida-based cryptocurrency exchange operated by Project Investors, Inc., with Paul Vernon as CEO. It opened on 20 May 2013 and listed bitcoin alongside many altcoins. == Closure ==
Customer withdrawal problems worsened for months before withdrawals and trading were suspended entirely. CoinDesk reported that prior to shutdown Cryptsy said it had outstanding customer liabilities of nearly $10 million in bitcoin, and that a class-action lawsuit was filed in January 2016. Vernon told CoinDesk in January that he was traveling in China.<ref name="recv">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2016/04/04/court-takes-control-of-digital-currency-exchange-cryptsy CoinDesk, 4 April 2016: Court Takes Control of Digital Currency Exchange Cryptsy]</ref>

== Receivership ==
CoinDesk reported on 4 April 2016 that a Florida court had frozen Cryptsy assets and placed the exchange under receivership, with court-appointed receiver James Sallah selected after a request by plaintiffs in the class action. Court documents described by CoinDesk gave Sallah administrative control over the assets and management of Project Investors. Approval followed a 28 March hearing. The order quoted by CoinDesk suspended officers' and directors' powers and directed the receiver to assume and control Cryptsy operations and preserve claims. Vernon had not been served and had not responded in court at the time of that report.<ref name="recv" />

== Default judgment ==
CoinDesk reported on 28 July 2017 that U.S. District Judge Kenneth Marra entered a default judgment on 27 July 2017 holding Cryptsy CEO Paul Vernon liable to the plaintiff class for $8.2 million. CoinDesk quoted the order as further declaring that 11,325.0961 BTC stolen from Cryptsy customers on 29 July 2014 were property of the plaintiff class and subject to the judgment. Vernon did not respond to the allegations in court, which led to the default judgment; CoinDesk noted he was believed to be somewhere in Asia and had denied stealing user funds.<ref name="judg">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2017/07/28/82-million-court-orders-default-judgment-against-cryptsy-ceo CoinDesk, 28 July 2017: $8.2 Million: Court Orders Default Judgment Against Cryptsy CEO]</ref> Figures above are as reported by CoinDesk quoting the court order.

CoinDesk reported that Coinbase later settled a class-action matter involving former Cryptsy users.

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2016/04/04/court-takes-control-of-digital-currency-exchange-cryptsy CoinDesk receivership report]
* [https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2017/07/28/82-million-court-orders-default-judgment-against-cryptsy-ceo CoinDesk default-judgment report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]

CaVirtEx

2026-09-22T14:32:59Z

NotATether: Expand history; add Coinsetter acquisition and Kraken transfer

{{infobox company
| name = CAVirtEx
| industry = [[Exchange|Bitcoin exchange]] (CAD)
| foundation = 2 July 2011 (after beta)
| defunct = 2015–2016 (Coinsetter ownership; Kraken absorption January 2016)
| location = Canada
| website =
}}

'''CAVirtEx''' (Canadian Virtual Exchange) was a Canadian bitcoin exchange that quoted bitcoin against the Canadian dollar. While operating, deposit methods described on Withdrawals included Canada Post Xpresspost bank draft, Payza (formerly AlertPay) in CAD, and direct deposit. The exchange opened on 2 July 2011 after weeks of beta.<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25312.0 Bitcointalk: cavirtex.com - Canadian Bitcoin Exchange now LIVE]</ref> Interac e-Transfer (EMT) deposit and withdrawal support was dropped in August 2011.<ref name="old" />

== Acquisition ==
[[Coinsetter]] acquired CAVirtEx before Coinsetter itself was bought by [[Kraken]]. On 19 January 2016 Kraken announced that it was acquiring Coinsetter and Cavirtex and that client accounts of both exchanges would transfer to Kraken on 26 January 2016.<ref name="kraken">[https://blog.kraken.com/news/kraken-acquiring-coinsetter-and-cavirtex-to-expand Kraken blog, 19 January 2016: Kraken Acquiring Coinsetter and Cavirtex to Expand in US and Canada]</ref><ref name="cd">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2016/01/19/bitcoin-exchange-kraken-acquires-coinsetter-launches-us-trading CoinDesk, 19 January 2016: Bitcoin Exchange Kraken Acquires Coinsetter, Launches US Trading]</ref> CoinDesk's Coinsetter acquisition piece also states that Coinsetter had acquired CAVirtEx in April of the prior year, months after CAVirtEx had closed citing security concerns — that timing and reason are reported there as secondary context.<ref name="cd" />

== See also ==
* [[Coinsetter]]
* [[Kraken]]
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [https://blog.kraken.com/news/kraken-acquiring-coinsetter-and-cavirtex-to-expand Kraken acquisition announcement]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]

CleverCoin

2026-09-22T14:22:18Z

NotATether: Expand history; add Jun 2016 Kraken acquisition

{{infobox company
| name = CleverCoin
| industry = [[Exchange|Bitcoin exchange]] (EUR)
| foundation = early 2014
| defunct = June 2016 (acquired by Kraken)
| location = Netherlands
| website =
}}

'''CleverCoin''' was a Dutch bitcoin exchange that quoted bitcoin against the euro. Traders funded accounts via SEPA, iDEAL and related methods and placed market or limit orders. Historical fee copy stated 0.3% on both buys and sells, free bitcoin deposits after three confirmations, a 0.0001 BTC bitcoin withdrawal network fee, and EUR 0.70 for SEPA euro withdrawals. A trading API was documented on the operator site. It launched on 11 September 2014; CoinDesk later described founding in early 2014 with expansion beyond the Netherlands that year.<ref name="old" /><ref name="cd">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2016/06/28/kraken-acquires-dutch-bitcoin-exchange-clevercoin CoinDesk, 28 June 2016: Kraken Acquires Dutch Bitcoin Exchange CleverCoin]</ref>

== Acquisition by Kraken ==
On 28 June 2016 CoinDesk reported that [[Kraken]] was acquiring CleverCoin — Kraken's second acquisition of 2016 after Coinsetter — and that CleverCoin's services and customer base would be integrated into Kraken on 29 June 2016. Deal terms were undisclosed. CleverCoin CEO Karsten Nilsen told CoinDesk that he and co-founder Christian de Kok would not join Kraken and would move on to another enterprise IT business.<ref name="cd" />

CoinDesk also noted prior CleverCoin payment-processor disruption in April 2016 and quoted Nilsen linking loss of a major payment provider to talks that produced the Kraken deal.<ref name="cd" />

== See also ==
* [[Kraken]]
* [[Coinsetter]]
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2016/06/28/kraken-acquires-dutch-bitcoin-exchange-clevercoin CoinDesk acquisition report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]

Coinsetter

2026-09-22T14:11:04Z

NotATether: Expand history; add Jan 2016 Kraken acquisition

{{infobox company
| name = Coinsetter
| industry = [[Exchange|Bitcoin exchange]] / ECN
| foundation = 2012 (public CSX release June 2014)
| defunct = January 2016 (acquired by Kraken)
| location = New York City
| website =
}}

'''Coinsetter''' was a New York-based bitcoin exchange and electronic communication network (ECN). It opened in November 2012 under Coinsetter LLC and left beta in June 2014 with a public release of its CSX matching technology.

== Products ==
While operating, Coinsetter offered market and limit orders for bitcoin trading. Bitcoin deposits were credited after three confirmations with no deposit fee. USD funding and withdrawals used international SEPA and SWIFT wires. Trading fees on both sides of each fill scaled with trailing 30-day volume from 0.25% down to 0.1%. Account security options included Google Authenticator and LaunchKey two-factor authentication. APIs included FIX 4.4, WebSocket, and REST/JSON interfaces.

Coinsetter had previously acquired Canadian exchange [[CaVirtEx]].<ref name="kraken">[https://blog.kraken.com/news/kraken-acquiring-coinsetter-and-cavirtex-to-expand Kraken blog, 19 January 2016: Kraken Acquiring Coinsetter and Cavirtex to Expand in US and Canada]</ref>

== Acquisition by Kraken ==
On 19 January 2016 [[Kraken]] announced that it was acquiring Coinsetter and Cavirtex, that both brands would be absorbed, and that client accounts of both exchanges would transfer automatically to Kraken on 26 January 2016. After the transfer, account holders were to log in at kraken.com.<ref name="kraken" /><ref name="cd">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2016/01/19/bitcoin-exchange-kraken-acquires-coinsetter-launches-us-trading CoinDesk, 19 January 2016: Bitcoin Exchange Kraken Acquires Coinsetter, Launches US Trading]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[CaVirtEx]]
* [[Kraken]]
* [[Buying bitcoins]]
* [[Selling bitcoins]]

== External links ==
* [https://blog.kraken.com/news/kraken-acquiring-coinsetter-and-cavirtex-to-expand Kraken acquisition announcement]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:ECNs]]
[[Category:Liquidity]]

Buttercoin

2026-09-22T13:59:17Z

NotATether: Expand history; add Apr 2015 shutdown and wind-down

{{infobox company
| name = Buttercoin
| industry = [[Exchange|Bitcoin exchange]]
| foundation = 2013
| defunct = 10 April 2015
| website =
}}

'''Buttercoin''' was a bitcoin exchange that spent time in private beta. While in beta, funding options described on TechCrunch reported that the startup had raised about $1.6 million, with backers including Y Combinator and Google Ventures, and had aimed at remittance-related local exchange rails.<ref name="tc">[https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/06/buttercoin-bitcoin-closing/ TechCrunch, 6 April 2015: Google Ventures-Backed Bitcoin Exchange Buttercoin Is Shutting Down]</ref>

== Closure ==
On 6 April 2015 TechCrunch reported Buttercoin was shutting down after failing to raise new investment, and quoted a company website notice:

"Buttercoin will be turning off our service on April 10th at 11PM Pacific. Be sure to move your bitcoins to another service and remove your dollar balances by Friday April 10th at 11PM."<ref name="tc" />

TechCrunch further quoted that unclaimed funds would be returned to the originating accounts, and characterised the wind-down as solvent — users to receive balances in full — attributing the exit to an inability to raise funding amid weaker Silicon Valley interest in bitcoin at the time.<ref name="tc" />

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]

== External links ==
* [https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/06/buttercoin-bitcoin-closing/ TechCrunch shutdown report]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]

StrongCoin

2026-09-22T13:50:45Z

NotATether: Expand hybrid wallet history; add Apr 2026 closure

{{infobox company
| name = StrongCoin
| industry = Hybrid bitcoin wallet (historical)
| foundation = 2011
| website = https://strongcoin.com/
}}

'''StrongCoin''' was a browser-side hybrid bitcoin wallet. Private-key material was encrypted in the browser before storage on StrongCoin's servers, so the operator held only encrypted keys. A forgotten passphrase could not be recovered by StrongCoin. The service offered printable paper backups of key pairs and import of keys in [[Mini private key format]]. Historical fee copy stated an add-on of 0.01 BTC per spend transaction.<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=36169.msg445905#msg445905 Bitcointalk: The Kindle, Bitcoin and client side address generation (StrongCoin)]</ref>

== Closure ==
On 28 April 2026 the StrongCoin blog post ''We are closing down'' stated that StrongCoin is closing down and will no longer provide its Bitcoin wallet service. Users who believe they still have an account with a bitcoin balance were asked to contact support. The notice states that starting one year from that notice, StrongCoin will charge a 2% fee for all users who have not removed their funds. It also offers to forward users who cannot remember the password to their encrypted key to a recovery service.<ref name="blog">[https://strongcoin.com/blog/we_are_closing_down/ StrongCoin blog, 28 April 2026: We are closing down]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Browsers]]
* [[EWallets]]

== External links ==
* [https://strongcoin.com/ StrongCoin]
* [https://strongcoin.com/blog/we_are_closing_down/ Closure announcement]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct e-wallets]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]
[[Category:HybridEWallets]]

WeExchange

2026-09-22T13:40:37Z

NotATether: Expand history: BitFunder link, SEC allegations, Nov 2013 shutdown

{{infobox company
| name = WeExchange
| industry = [[Exchange|Bitcoin exchange]] / custody wallet (historical)
| foundation = Limited operations before public launch 8 December 2012
| location = Australia (WeExchange Australia Pty Ltd per SEC complaint); U.S. entity also described historically
| website =
}}

'''WeExchange''' was a bitcoin deposit and exchange service operated by Jon E. Montroll. It held user bitcoin used with the related BitFunder platform. fiat rails including Mt. Gox redeemable codes (USD), Interac e-Transfer (CAD), Australian bank wire (AUD), and free bitcoin deposits credited after six confirmations, with multi-factor login protection. The exchange emerged from invite-only operations on 8 December 2012.<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=85829.msg1385850#msg1385850 Bitcointalk: WeExchange]</ref>

== BitFunder ==
An SEC complaint filed 21 February 2018 in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York alleges that from December 2012 through November 2013 Montroll operated BitFunder as an unregistered online securities exchange and that users deposited bitcoins into a virtual currency wallet maintained by WeExchange (WeExchange Australia Pty Ltd), with user bitcoins commingled in that wallet under Montroll's control. The complaint alleges misappropriation from the WeExchange wallet and failure to disclose a cyberattack on BitFunder beginning 28 July 2013 through 27 August 2013 that resulted in the theft of more than 6,000 bitcoins (the complaint also cites approximately 6,062 BTC). The complaint states Montroll shut down BitFunder on 14 November 2013. Those theft figures, misappropriation claims, and related narrative are allegations in the complaint.<ref name="secpr">[https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2018-23 SEC press release 2018-23, 21 February 2018]</ref><ref name="complaint">[https://www.sec.gov/files/litigation/complaints/2018/comp-pr2018-23.pdf SEC complaint, ''SEC v. Montroll and BitFunder'', S.D.N.Y. (filed 21 February 2018)]</ref>

== Sentencing ==
CoinDesk reported on 12 July 2019 that Montroll was sentenced to 14 months in prison after a guilty plea to securities fraud and obstruction of justice, quoting U.S. Attorney Geoffrey S. Berman of the Southern District of New York. The report describes Montroll as operator of BitFunder and the WeExchange deposit service and notes related findings described by prosecutors; it does not supply a full restitution schedule for WeExchange balances suitable to invent here.<ref name="cd">[https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2019/07/12/ceo-of-bitfunder-exchange-gets-14-months-in-prison-for-fraud-obstruction CoinDesk, 12 July 2019: CEO of BitFunder Exchange Gets 14 Months in Prison for Fraud, Obstruction]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Exchanges]]
* [[Mt. Gox]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2018-23 SEC press release 2018-23]
* [https://www.sec.gov/files/litigation/complaints/2018/comp-pr2018-23.pdf SEC complaint PDF]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Defunct exchanges]]
[[Category:Defunct e-wallets]]
[[Category:Defunct companies]]