Bitcoin Wiki - User contributions [en]

Trendon Shavers

2025-03-15T12:42:18Z

Capsqrl: Update link to Bitcoin Magazine source

'''Trendon Shavers''' (known as '''Pirateat40''' or simply '''Pirate''') was the operator of the largest scam in bitcoin history: he operated a ponzi scheme<ref>https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=50822.0</ref><ref>https://bitcoinmagazine.com/business/the-pirate-saga-and-so-it-ends</ref> which initially promised a guaranteed a daily profit of 1%, and then disappeared with an unknown amount of bitcoins in August 2012. Thoughts were that the amount was about 500,000 bitcoins, valued around US $5 million at the time. These amounts were soon quashed once investigators realized a large hoard of coins found in their analysis did not belong to Pirate, but instead to a black market website with which Pirate used to mix his funds to hide the actual amounts he had held/stolen.

== July 2013 ==
SEC (The U.S Securities and Exchange Commission) charged Trendon Shavers with defrauding investors in a Ponzi scheme.<ref>https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=261290.0</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Scammers]]
[[Category:Criminals]]

Craig Wright

2024-07-02T06:34:44Z

Capsqrl: Remove defunct site stopcraigwright.com

Craig Wright is a fraudster who claims to be the creator of Bitcoin, [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. There has been no concrete evidence presented in favour of Wright's claim. There is overwhelming evidence against his claim, yet Wright was able to get lots of media coverage by sympathetic journalists with a limited understanding of technology after Wright tricked or bribed a couple of Bitcoin figureheads such as Gavin Andresen to back his claims without themselves having access to any supporting evidence. The Bitcoin community has a duty to explain our technology - we can't expect everyone to understand cryptographic proof -, hence this page can be a useful list of resources.

=== Evidence against Craig Wright being Satoshi ===

* Wright's claimed PGP key was provably backdated. <ref>[https://medium.com/@tbrice/wrights-appeal-to-authority-paper-disproved-its-own-thesis-8f2d45e5df24 Prove of backdated PGP key]</ref><ref>https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1282144.msg13196947#msg13196947</ref>
* He was paid millions of dollars by nTrust to 'reveal' himself as Satoshi (this is for those who think he lacked motive)<ref>[http://archive.is/kjuLi#selection-729.989-732.0 Paid a million dollars by nTrust to 'reveal' himself as Satoshi]</ref>
* Signature claimed to prove him to be Satoshi was worthless. <ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4hflr3/craig_wrights_signature_is_worthless/</ref>
* Second claimed "signature" was also an obvious forgery. <ref>https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/81115/if-someone-wanted-to-pretend-to-be-satoshi-by-posting-a-fake-signature-to-defrau</ref>
* N-th claimed "signature" was yet another obvious forgery. <ref>https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/81115/if-someone-wanted-to-pretend-to-be-satoshi-by-posting-a-fake-signature-to-defrau/</ref>
* Faked blog posts showing his early involvement in bitcoin. <ref>[https://np.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/6xkn24/bcc_bch_are_bitcoin_they_follow_the_whitepaper/dmjcyou/?context=3 Faked early blog posts]</ref>
* Craig Wright is apparently using his fame to run an advance-fee scam.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4cdsna/craig_wright_nigerian_prince_and_other_unlikely/</ref>
* Gross technical incompetence. <ref>http://archive.is/6C3C9</ref><ref>https://np.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/799xlz/csw_many_wonder_why_secp256k1_was_used_in/dp0azeb/</ref><ref>https://i.imgur.com/fOn1BI9.png</ref>
* No evidence of any C++ proficiency.
* Plagiarism<ref>https://twitter.com/PeterRizun/status/983752297363660800 https://archive.is/9ymSC</ref>
* If Craig Wright really was the creator of Bitcoin, the proof would be trivial. We see an example by Charlie Lee the creator of Litecoin<ref>https://twitter.com/satoshilite/status/727157971428331520</ref>

Wright sometimes explains away his apparent technical incompetence by suggesting that the actual development of Bitcoin was performed by a deceased acquaintance, David Kleiman. Kleiman worked as a systems administrator and IT security consultant for law enforcement and does not appear to have any particular programming expertise, similar to Wright. Wright's unsubstantiated claims are the only known source suggesting Kleiman has any connection to the creation of Bitcoin. As a result, arguments that Wright was in some way "involved" with the creation of Bitcoin due to his relationship with Kleiman are circular.

==See Also ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Steven_Wright Craig Steven Wright on Wikipedia]
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/89cbsc/vitalik_buterin_calls_out_craig_wright_for_what/dwq8d1m/ Other list of evidence]
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/b479rk/please_excuse_the_craig_wright_spam_but_this_is/ej4oxvj/ Even more evidence]

==References==
<references />

Script

2024-07-02T06:29:12Z

Capsqrl: /* External Links */ Remove dead link, webbtc.com has changed owner (Hi, Reddit)

Bitcoin uses a scripting system for [[transactions]]. [[Wikipedia:FORTH|Forth]]-like, '''Script''' is simple, stack-based, and processed from left to right. It is intentionally not Turing-complete, with no loops.

A script is essentially a list of instructions recorded with each transaction that describe how the next person wanting to spend the Bitcoins being transferred can gain access to them. The script for a typical Bitcoin transfer to destination Bitcoin address D simply encumbers future spending of the bitcoins with two things: the spender must provide
# a public key that, when hashed, yields destination address D embedded in the script, and
# a signature to prove ownership of the private key corresponding to the public key just provided.

Scripting provides the flexibility to change the parameters of what's needed to spend transferred Bitcoins. For example, the scripting system could be used to require two private keys, or a combination of several keys, or even no keys at all.

A transaction is valid if nothing in the combined script triggers failure and the top stack item is True (non-zero) when the script exits. The party that originally ''sent'' the Bitcoins now being spent dictates the script operations that will occur ''last'' in order to release them for use in another transaction. The party wanting to spend them must provide the input(s) to the previously recorded script that results in the combined script completing execution with a true value on the top of the stack.

This document is for information purposes only. De facto, Bitcoin script is defined by the code run by the network to check the validity of blocks.

The stacks hold byte vectors.
When used as numbers, byte vectors are interpreted as little-endian variable-length integers with the most significant bit determining the sign of the integer.
Thus 0x81 represents -1.
0x80 is another representation of zero (so called negative 0).
Positive 0 is represented by a null-length vector.
Byte vectors are interpreted as Booleans where False is represented by any representation of zero and True is represented by any representation of non-zero.

Leading zeros in an integer and negative zero are allowed in blocks but get rejected by the stricter requirements which standard full nodes put on transactions before retransmitting them.
Byte vectors on the stack are not allowed to be more than 520 bytes long. Opcodes which take integers and bools off the stack require that they be no more than 4 bytes long, but addition and subtraction can overflow and result in a 5 byte integer being put on the stack.

== Opcodes ==
This is a list of all Script words, also known as opcodes, commands, or functions.

There are some words which existed in very early versions of Bitcoin but were removed out of concern that the client might have a bug in their implementation. This fear was motivated by a bug found in OP_LSHIFT that could crash any Bitcoin node if exploited and by other bugs that allowed anyone to spend anyone's bitcoins. The removed opcodes are sometimes said to be "disabled", but this is something of a misnomer because there is ''absolutely no way'' for anyone using Bitcoin to use these opcodes (they simply ''do not exist anymore'' in the protocol), and there are also no solid plans to ever re-enable all of these opcodes. They are listed here for historical interest only.

New opcodes can be added by means of a carefully designed and executed [[softfork]] using OP_NOP1-OP_NOP10.

Zero, negative zero (using any number of bytes), and empty array are all treated as false. Anything else is treated as true.

=== Notation on this page ===

In the tables below, the inputs and outputs are both described by items as if they were pushed on the stack in that order. So for example, "x1 x2" indicates pushing value x1 on the stack, then x2, such that x1 is at the bottom of the stack, and x2 is at the top. When writing scripts as human-readable opcodes, the push opcodes and the associated data are usually written as <code><data></code>. For example, a P2SH script would be written as <code>OP_HASH160 <data> OP_EQUAL</code>, where <code><data></code> in this context means the byte <code>0x20</code> followed by the 20 bytes of the data itself. You should also ensure that you use the appropriate push instruction if your data is very large. See the table below for details.

=== Constants ===
When talking about scripts, these value-pushing words are usually omitted.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Word
!Opcode
!Hex
!Input
!Output
!Description
|-
|OP_0, OP_FALSE
|0
|0x00
|Nothing.
|(empty value)
|An empty array of bytes is pushed onto the stack. (This is not a no-op: an item is added to the stack.)
|-
|N/A
|1-75
|0x01-0x4b
|(special)
|data
|The next ''opcode'' bytes is data to be pushed onto the stack
|-
|OP_PUSHDATA1
|76
|0x4c
|(special)
|data
|The next byte contains the number of bytes to be pushed onto the stack.
|-
|OP_PUSHDATA2
|77
|0x4d
|(special)
|data
|The next two bytes contain the number of bytes to be pushed onto the stack in little endian order.
|-
|OP_PUSHDATA4
|78
|0x4e
|(special)
|data
|The next four bytes contain the number of bytes to be pushed onto the stack in little endian order.
|-
|OP_1NEGATE
|79
|0x4f
|Nothing.
| -1
|The number -1 is pushed onto the stack.
|-
|OP_1, OP_TRUE
|81
|0x51
|Nothing.
|1
|The number 1 is pushed onto the stack.
|-
|OP_2-OP_16
|82-96
|0x52-0x60
|Nothing.
|2-16
|The number in the word name (2-16) is pushed onto the stack.
|}

=== Flow control ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Word
!Opcode
!Hex
!Input
!Output
!Description
|-
|OP_NOP
|97
|0x61
|Nothing
|Nothing
|Does nothing.
|-
|OP_IF
|99
|0x63
| colspan="2"|<expression> if [statements] [else [statements]]* endif
|If the top stack value is not False, the statements are executed. The top stack value is removed.
|-
|OP_NOTIF
|100
|0x64
| colspan="2"|<expression> notif [statements] [else [statements]]* endif
|If the top stack value is False, the statements are executed. The top stack value is removed.
|-
|OP_ELSE
|103
|0x67
| colspan="2"|<expression> if [statements] [else [statements]]* endif
|If the preceding OP_IF or OP_NOTIF or OP_ELSE was not executed then these statements are and if the preceding OP_IF or OP_NOTIF or OP_ELSE was executed then these statements are not.
|-
|OP_ENDIF
|104
|0x68
| colspan="2"|<expression> if [statements] [else [statements]]* endif
|Ends an if/else block. All blocks must end, or the transaction is '''invalid'''. An OP_ENDIF without OP_IF earlier is also '''invalid'''.
|-
|OP_VERIFY
|105
|0x69
|True / false
|Nothing / ''fail''
|'''Marks transaction as invalid''' if top stack value is not true. The top stack value is removed.
|-
|[[OP_RETURN]]
|106
|0x6a
|Nothing
|''fail''
|'''Marks transaction as invalid'''. Since bitcoin 0.9, a standard way of attaching extra data to transactions is to add a zero-value output with a scriptPubKey consisting of OP_RETURN followed by data. Such outputs are provably unspendable and specially discarded from storage in the UTXO set, reducing their cost to the network. Since [https://bitcoin.org/en/release/v0.12.0#relay-any-sequence-of-pushdatas-in-opreturn-outputs-now-allowed 0.12], standard relay rules allow a single output with OP_RETURN, that contains any sequence of push statements (or OP_RESERVED<ref>see code for IsPushOnly [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/bccb4d29a8080bf1ecda1fc235415a11d903a680/src/script/script.cpp#L232]</ref>) after the OP_RETURN provided the total scriptPubKey length is at most 83 bytes.
|}

=== Stack ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Word
!Opcode
!Hex
!Input
!Output
!Description
|-
|OP_TOALTSTACK
|107
|0x6b
|x1
|(alt)x1
|Puts the input onto the top of the alt stack. Removes it from the main stack.
|-
|OP_FROMALTSTACK
|108
|0x6c
|(alt)x1
|x1
|Puts the input onto the top of the main stack. Removes it from the alt stack.
|-
|OP_IFDUP
|115
|0x73
|x
|x / x x
|If the top stack value is not 0, duplicate it.
|-
|OP_DEPTH
|116
|0x74
|Nothing
|<Stack size>
|Puts the number of stack items onto the stack.
|-
|OP_DROP
|117
|0x75
|x
|Nothing
|Removes the top stack item.
|-
|OP_DUP
|118
|0x76
|x
|x x
|Duplicates the top stack item.
|-
|OP_NIP
|119
|0x77
|x1 x2
|x2
|Removes the second-to-top stack item.
|-
|OP_OVER
|120
|0x78
|x1 x2
|x1 x2 x1
|Copies the second-to-top stack item to the top.
|-
|OP_PICK
|121
|0x79
|xn ... x2 x1 x0 <n>
|xn ... x2 x1 x0 xn
|The item ''n'' back in the stack is copied to the top.
|-
|OP_ROLL
|122
|0x7a
|xn ... x2 x1 x0 <n>
|... x2 x1 x0 xn
|The item ''n'' back in the stack is moved to the top.
|-
|OP_ROT
|123
|0x7b
|x1 x2 x3
|x2 x3 x1
|The 3rd item down the stack is moved to the top.
|-
|OP_SWAP
|124
|0x7c
|x1 x2
|x2 x1
|The top two items on the stack are swapped.
|-
|OP_TUCK
|125
|0x7d
|x1 x2
|x2 x1 x2
|The item at the top of the stack is copied and inserted before the second-to-top item.
|-
|OP_2DROP
|109
|0x6d
|x1 x2
|Nothing
|Removes the top two stack items.
|-
|OP_2DUP
|110
|0x6e
|x1 x2
|x1 x2 x1 x2
|Duplicates the top two stack items.
|-
|OP_3DUP
|111
|0x6f
|x1 x2 x3
|x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3
|Duplicates the top three stack items.
|-
|OP_2OVER
|112
|0x70
|x1 x2 x3 x4
|x1 x2 x3 x4 x1 x2
|Copies the pair of items two spaces back in the stack to the front.
|-
|OP_2ROT
|113
|0x71
|x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
|x3 x4 x5 x6 x1 x2
|The fifth and sixth items back are moved to the top of the stack.
|-
|OP_2SWAP
|114
|0x72
|x1 x2 x3 x4
|x3 x4 x1 x2
|Swaps the top two pairs of items.
|}

=== Splice ===

If any opcode marked as disabled is present in a script, it must abort and fail.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Word
!Opcode
!Hex
!Input
!Output
!Description
|-
|OP_CAT
|126
|0x7e
|x1 x2
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Concatenates two strings. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_SUBSTR
|127
|0x7f
|in begin size
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Returns a section of a string. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_LEFT
|128
|0x80
|in size
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Keeps only characters left of the specified point in a string. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_RIGHT
|129
|0x81
|in size
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Keeps only characters right of the specified point in a string. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_SIZE
|130
|0x82
|in
|in size
|Pushes the string length of the top element of the stack (without popping it).
|}

=== Bitwise logic ===

If any opcode marked as disabled is present in a script, it must abort and fail.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Word
!Opcode
!Hex
!Input
!Output
!Description
|-
|OP_INVERT
|131
|0x83
|in
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Flips all of the bits in the input. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_AND
|132
|0x84
|x1 x2
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Boolean ''and'' between each bit in the inputs. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_OR
|133
|0x85
|x1 x2
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Boolean ''or'' between each bit in the inputs. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_XOR
|134
|0x86
|x1 x2
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Boolean ''exclusive or'' between each bit in the inputs. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_EQUAL
|135
|0x87
|x1 x2
|True / false
|Returns 1 if the inputs are exactly equal, 0 otherwise.
|-
|OP_EQUALVERIFY
|136
|0x88
|x1 x2
|Nothing / ''fail''
|Same as OP_EQUAL, but runs OP_VERIFY afterward.
|}

=== Arithmetic ===

Note: Arithmetic inputs are limited to signed 32-bit integers, but may overflow their output.

If any input value for any of these commands is longer than 4 bytes, the script must abort and fail.
If any opcode marked as ''disabled'' is present in a script - it must also abort and fail.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Word
!Opcode
!Hex
!Input
!Output
!Description
|-
|OP_1ADD
|139
|0x8b
|in
|out
|1 is added to the input.
|-
|OP_1SUB
|140
|0x8c
|in
|out
|1 is subtracted from the input.
|-
|OP_2MUL
|141
|0x8d
|in
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|The input is multiplied by 2. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_2DIV
|142
|0x8e
|in
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|The input is divided by 2. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_NEGATE
|143
|0x8f
|in
|out
|The sign of the input is flipped.
|-
|OP_ABS
|144
|0x90
|in
|out
|The input is made positive.
|-
|OP_NOT
|145
|0x91
|in
|out
|If the input is 0 or 1, it is flipped. Otherwise the output will be 0.
|-
|OP_0NOTEQUAL
|146
|0x92
|in
|out
|Returns 0 if the input is 0. 1 otherwise.
|-
|OP_ADD
|147
|0x93
|a b
|out
|a is added to b.
|-
|OP_SUB
|148
|0x94
|a b
|out
|b is subtracted from a.
|-
|OP_MUL
|149
|0x95
|a b
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|a is multiplied by b. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_DIV
|150
|0x96
|a b
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|a is divided by b. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_MOD
|151
|0x97
|a b
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Returns the remainder after dividing a by b. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_LSHIFT
|152
|0x98
|a b
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Shifts a left b bits, preserving sign. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_RSHIFT
|153
|0x99
|a b
|out
|style="background:#D97171;"|Shifts a right b bits, preserving sign. ''disabled.''
|-
|OP_BOOLAND
|154
|0x9a
|a b
|out
|If both a and b are not 0, the output is 1. Otherwise 0.
|-
|OP_BOOLOR
|155
|0x9b
|a b
|out
|If a or b is not 0, the output is 1. Otherwise 0.
|-
|OP_NUMEQUAL
|156
|0x9c
|a b
|out
|Returns 1 if the numbers are equal, 0 otherwise.
|-
|OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY
|157
|0x9d
|a b
|Nothing / ''fail''
|Same as OP_NUMEQUAL, but runs OP_VERIFY afterward.
|-
|OP_NUMNOTEQUAL
|158
|0x9e
|a b
|out
|Returns 1 if the numbers are not equal, 0 otherwise.
|-
|OP_LESSTHAN
|159
|0x9f
|a b
|out
|Returns 1 if a is less than b, 0 otherwise.
|-
|OP_GREATERTHAN
|160
|0xa0
|a b
|out
|Returns 1 if a is greater than b, 0 otherwise.
|-
|OP_LESSTHANOREQUAL
|161
|0xa1
|a b
|out
|Returns 1 if a is less than or equal to b, 0 otherwise.
|-
|OP_GREATERTHANOREQUAL
|162
|0xa2
|a b
|out
|Returns 1 if a is greater than or equal to b, 0 otherwise.
|-
|OP_MIN
|163
|0xa3
|a b
|out
|Returns the smaller of a and b.
|-
|OP_MAX
|164
|0xa4
|a b
|out
|Returns the larger of a and b.
|-
|OP_WITHIN
|165
|0xa5
|x min max
|out
|Returns 1 if x is within the specified range (left-inclusive), 0 otherwise.
|}

=== Crypto ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Word
!Opcode
!Hex
!Input
!Output
!Description
|-
|OP_RIPEMD160
|166
|0xa6
|in
|hash
|The input is hashed using RIPEMD-160.
|-
|OP_SHA1
|167
|0xa7
|in
|hash
|The input is hashed using SHA-1.
|-
|OP_SHA256
|168
|0xa8
|in
|hash
|The input is hashed using SHA-256.
|-
|OP_HASH160
|169
|0xa9
|in
|hash
|The input is hashed twice: first with SHA-256 and then with RIPEMD-160.
|-
|OP_HASH256
|170
|0xaa
|in
|hash
|The input is hashed two times with SHA-256.
|-
|OP_CODESEPARATOR
|171
|0xab
|Nothing
|Nothing
|All of the signature checking words will only match signatures to the data after the most recently-executed OP_CODESEPARATOR.
|-
|[[OP_CHECKSIG]]
|172
|0xac
|sig pubkey
|True / false
|The entire transaction's outputs, inputs, and script (from the most recently-executed OP_CODESEPARATOR to the end) are hashed. The signature used by OP_CHECKSIG must be a valid signature for this hash and public key. If it is, 1 is returned, 0 otherwise.
|-
|OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY
|173
|0xad
|sig pubkey
|Nothing / ''fail''
|Same as OP_CHECKSIG, but OP_VERIFY is executed afterward.
|-
|OP_CHECKMULTISIG
|174
|0xae
|x sig1 sig2 ... <number of signatures> pub1 pub2 <number of public keys>
|True / False
|Compares the first signature against each public key until it finds an ECDSA match. Starting with the subsequent public key, it compares the second signature against each remaining public key until it finds an ECDSA match. The process is repeated until all signatures have been checked or not enough public keys remain to produce a successful result. All signatures need to match a public key. Because public keys are not checked again if they fail any signature comparison, signatures must be placed in the scriptSig using the same order as their corresponding public keys were placed in the scriptPubKey or redeemScript. If all signatures are valid, 1 is returned, 0 otherwise. Due to a bug, one extra unused value is removed from the stack.
|-
|OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY
|175
|0xaf
|x sig1 sig2 ... <number of signatures> pub1 pub2 ... <number of public keys>
|Nothing / ''fail''
|Same as OP_CHECKMULTISIG, but OP_VERIFY is executed afterward.
|-
|OP_CHECKSIGADD
|186
|0xba
|sig n pub
|out
|Three values are popped from the stack. The integer n is incremented by one and returned to the stack if the signature is valid for the public key and transaction. The integer n is returned to the stack unchanged if the signature is the empty vector (OP_0). In any other case, the script is invalid. This opcode is only available in tapscript.<ref>[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0342.mediawiki BIP342]</ref>
|}

=== Locktime ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Word
!Opcode
!Hex
!Input
!Output
!Description
|-
|OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY (previously OP_NOP2)
|177
|0xb1
|x
|x / ''fail''
|'''Marks transaction as invalid''' if the top stack item is greater than the transaction's nLockTime field, otherwise script evaluation continues as though an OP_NOP was executed. Transaction is also invalid if 1. the stack is empty; or 2. the top stack item is negative; or 3. the top stack item is greater than or equal to 500000000 while the transaction's nLockTime field is less than 500000000, or vice versa; or 4. the input's nSequence field is equal to 0xffffffff. The precise semantics are described in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki BIP 0065].
|-
|OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY (previously OP_NOP3)
|178
|0xb2
|x
|x / ''fail''
|'''Marks transaction as invalid''' if the relative lock time of the input (enforced by [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0068.mediawiki BIP 0068] with nSequence) is not equal to or longer than the value of the top stack item. The precise semantics are described in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0112.mediawiki BIP 0112].
|}

=== Reserved words ===
Any opcode not assigned is also reserved. Using an unassigned opcode makes the transaction '''invalid'''.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Word
!Opcode
!Hex
!When used...
|-
|OP_RESERVED
|80
|0x50
|'''Transaction is invalid''' unless occuring in an unexecuted OP_IF branch
|-
|OP_VER
|98
|0x62
|'''Transaction is invalid''' unless occuring in an unexecuted OP_IF branch
|-
|OP_VERIF
|101
|0x65
|'''Transaction is invalid even when occuring in an unexecuted OP_IF branch'''
|-
|OP_VERNOTIF
|102
|0x66
|'''Transaction is invalid even when occuring in an unexecuted OP_IF branch'''
|-
|OP_RESERVED1
|137
|0x89
|'''Transaction is invalid''' unless occuring in an unexecuted OP_IF branch
|-
|OP_RESERVED2
|138
|0x8a
|'''Transaction is invalid''' unless occuring in an unexecuted OP_IF branch
|-
|OP_NOP1, OP_NOP4-OP_NOP10
|176, 179-185
|0xb0, 0xb3-0xb9
|The word is ignored. Does not mark transaction as invalid.
|}

== Script examples ==
The following is a list of interesting scripts.
When notating scripts, data to be pushed to the stack is generally enclosed in angle brackets
and data push commands are omitted.
Non-bracketed words are opcodes.
These examples include the “OP_” prefix, but it is permissible to omit it.
Thus
“<pubkey1> <pubkey2> OP_2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG”
may be abbreviated to
“<pubkey1> <pubkey2> 2 CHECKMULTISIG”.
Note that there is a small number of standard script forms that are relayed from node to node;
non-standard scripts are accepted if they are in a block, but nodes will not relay them.

=== Standard Transaction to Bitcoin address (pay-to-pubkey-hash) ===

scriptPubKey: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
scriptSig: <sig> <pubKey>

To demonstrate how scripts look on the wire, here is a raw scriptPubKey:
<pre> 76 A9 14
OP_DUP OP_HASH160 Bytes to push

89 AB CD EF AB BA AB BA AB BA AB BA AB BA AB BA AB BA AB BA 88 AC
Data to push OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG</pre>

Note: scriptSig is in the input of the spending transaction and scriptPubKey is in the output of the previously unspent i.e. "available" transaction.

Here is how each word is processed:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stack
! Script
! Description
|-
|Empty.
| <sig> <pubKey> OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| scriptSig and scriptPubKey are combined.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey>
| OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Constants are added to the stack.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey> <pubKey>
| OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Top stack item is duplicated.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey> <pubHashA>
|<pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Top stack item is hashed.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey> <pubHashA> <pubKeyHash>
|OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Constant added.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey>
|OP_CHECKSIG
| Equality is checked between the top two stack items.
|-
|true
|Empty.
|Signature is checked for top two stack items.
|}

=== Obsolete pay-to-pubkey transaction ===

OP_CHECKSIG is used directly without first hashing the public key.
This was used by early versions of Bitcoin where people paid directly to IP addresses, before Bitcoin addresses were introduced.
scriptPubKeys of this transaction form are still recognized as payments to user by Bitcoin Core.
The disadvantage of this transaction form is that the whole public key needs to be known in advance, implying longer payment addresses, and that it provides less protection in the event of a break in the ECDSA signature algorithm.

scriptPubKey: <pubKey> OP_CHECKSIG
scriptSig: <sig>

Checking process:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stack
! Script
! Description
|-
|Empty.
|<sig> <pubKey> OP_CHECKSIG
|scriptSig and scriptPubKey are combined.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey>
| OP_CHECKSIG
|Constants are added to the stack.
|-
|true
|Empty.
|Signature is checked for top two stack items.
|}

=== Provably Unspendable/Prunable Outputs ===

The standard way to mark a transaction as provably unspendable is with a scriptPubKey of the following form:

scriptPubKey: OP_RETURN {zero or more ops}

OP_RETURN immediately marks the script as invalid, guaranteeing that no scriptSig exists that could possibly spend that output. Thus the output can be immediately pruned from the [[UTXO|UTXO set]] even if it has not been spent. [http://blockexplorer.com/tx/eb31ca1a4cbd97c2770983164d7560d2d03276ae1aee26f12d7c2c6424252f29 eb31ca1a4cbd97c2770983164d7560d2d03276ae1aee26f12d7c2c6424252f29] is an example: it has a single output of zero value, thus giving the full 0.125BTC fee to the miner who mined the transaction without adding an entry to the UTXO set. You can also use OP_RETURN to add data to a transaction without the data ever appearing in the UTXO set, as seen in 1a2e22a717d626fc5db363582007c46924ae6b28319f07cb1b907776bd8293fc; [[P2Pool]] does this with the share chain hash txout in the coinbase of blocks it creates.

=== Freezing funds until a time in the future ===

Using OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY it is possible to make funds provably unspendable until a certain point in the future.

scriptPubKey: <expiry time> OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
scriptSig: <sig> <pubKey>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stack
! Script
! Description
|-
|Empty.
| <sig> <pubKey> <expiry time> OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| scriptSig and scriptPubKey are combined.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey> <expiry time>
| OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Constants are added to the stack.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey> <expiry time>
| OP_DROP OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Top stack item is checked against the current time or block height.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey>
| OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Top stack item is removed.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey> <pubKey>
| OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Top stack item is duplicated.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey> <pubHashA>
|<pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Top stack item is hashed.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey> <pubHashA> <pubKeyHash>
|OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Constant added.
|-
|<sig> <pubKey>
|OP_CHECKSIG
| Equality is checked between the top two stack items.
|-
|true
|Empty.
|Signature is checked for top two stack items.
|}

=== Transaction puzzle ===

Transaction a4bfa8ab6435ae5f25dae9d89e4eb67dfa94283ca751f393c1ddc5a837bbc31b is an interesting puzzle.

scriptPubKey: OP_HASH256 6fe28c0ab6f1b372c1a6a246ae63f74f931e8365e15a089c68d6190000000000 OP_EQUAL
scriptSig: <data>

To spend the transaction you need to come up with some data such that hashing the data twice results in the given hash.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stack
! Script
! Description
|-
|Empty.
|<data> OP_HASH256 <given_hash> OP_EQUAL
|
|-
|<data>
|OP_HASH256 <given_hash> OP_EQUAL
|scriptSig added to the stack.
|-
|<data_hash>
|<given_hash> OP_EQUAL
|The data is hashed.
|-
|<data_hash> <given_hash>
|OP_EQUAL
|The given hash is pushed to the stack.
|-
|true
|Empty.
|The hashes are compared, leaving true on the stack.
|}

This transaction was successfully spent by 09f691b2263260e71f363d1db51ff3100d285956a40cc0e4f8c8c2c4a80559b1. The required data happened to be the [[Genesis block]], and the given hash in the script was the genesis block header hashed twice with SHA-256. Note that while transactions like this are fun, they are not secure, because they do not contain any signatures and thus any transaction attempting to spend them can be replaced with a different transaction sending the funds somewhere else.

=== Incentivized finding of hash collisions ===

In 2013 Peter Todd created scripts that result in true if a hash collision is found. Bitcoin addresses resulting from these scripts can have money sent to them. If someone finds a hash collision they can spend the bitcoins on that address, so this setup acts as an incentive for somebody to do so.

For example the SHA1 script:

scriptPubKey: OP_2DUP OP_EQUAL OP_NOT OP_VERIFY OP_SHA1 OP_SWAP OP_SHA1 OP_EQUAL
scriptSig: <preimage1> <preimage2>

See the bitcointalk thread <ref>[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=293382.0 bitcointalk forum thread on the hash collision bounties]</ref> and reddit thread<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1mavh9/trustless_bitcoin_bounty_for_sha1_sha256_etc/</ref> for more details.

In February 2017 the SHA1 bounty worth 2.48 bitcoins was claimed.

==See Also==

* [[Transactions]]
* [[Contracts]]

== External Links ==
*[https://bitide.qedprotocol.com/ BitIDE] - BitIDE: A web based Bitcoin Script IDE with built in debugger, meta-scripting, virtual op-codes, and local testnet.
*[https://bitcoin.sipa.be/miniscript] - Miniscript: a language for writing (a subset of) Bitcoin Scripts in a structured way, enabling analysis, composition, generic signing and more.
*[https://github.com/siminchen/bitcoinIDE Bitcoin IDE] – Bitcoin Script for dummies
*[http://www.crmarsh.com/script-playground/ Script Playground] — convert Script to JavaScript
*[https://bitauth.com/ide BitAuth IDE] — an Integrated Development Environment for Bitcoin Authentication
(cf. "[http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/42576/4334 Online Bitcoin Script simulator or debugger?]")

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]

{{Bitcoin Core documentation}}

Multisig

2022-07-13T06:38:30Z

Capsqrl: Fix redirect

#REDIRECT [[Multi-signature]]

Bech32 adoption

2020-02-29T07:20:28Z

Capsqrl: /* Exchanges */ Bitstamp updated their blog post to clarify that bech32 withdrawals are supported, not only deposits.

[[Bech32]] is a new bitcoin [[address]] format specified by [[BIP 0173]]. This page tracks the adoption of [[Bech32]].

Ideally wallets and services would first support ''sending to'' bech32 addresses. After almost everything can send to, then people may be willing to adopt bech32 widely for receiving.

The amount of bech32 addresses on the blockchain is tracked on this website: https://p2sh.info/dashboard/db/bech32-statistics?orgId=1

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{No}} ||
|-
| {{Evaluating|??}} || Maybe / Haven't checked / placeholder
|-
| {{Planned}} || The developers said they plan to
|-
| {{Acceptable|PR Merged}} || In the case of software, code has been written and merged, and it will be in next release.
|-
| {{Yes}} || Feature has been released
|}

=== Software Wallets ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Bitcoin Core || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Bitcoin Knots || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| bcoin || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Armory || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| JoinMarket || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| GreenAddress || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Breadwallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/udiWertheimer/status/975810157941796864
|-
| Samourai Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Coinomi || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/865qn1/coinomi_wallet_beta_has_segwit_support/ reddit source]
|-
| BTC.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Casa || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Mycelium || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet Bitcoin Wallet for Android] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Wasabi Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Trust Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [https://trustwallet.com/blog/trust-wallet-adds-support-for-btc-ltc-bch official blog]
|-
| Guarda Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || [https://twitter.com/GuardaWallet/status/1194270398730448896 twitter announcement]
|-
|}

=== Hardware Wallets ===

Hardware wallet manufacturers typically publish a web wallet or browser add-on wallet for use with their hardware. Users can also sometimes connect their hardware wallet to a software wallet like [[Electrum]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Trezor web wallet || {{Acceptable|PR Merged}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Ledger chrome app || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Ledger Live (desktop app) || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Experimental feature
|-
| KeepKey chrome app || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitBox Desktop app || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Trezor + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Ledger + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| BitBox + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| KeepKey + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Archos + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Coldcard + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== Web Wallets ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Coinapult || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coin.Space || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitGo || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Full support on v2 platform, no plans to add support on v1 platform. Also see: https://blog.bitgo.com/native-segwit-addresses-via-bitgos-api-4946f2007be9
|-
| blockchain.info web|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/provoost/status/1037802325874761728
|-
| HolyTransaction || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| [https://coinb.in Coinb.in] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || open source JavaScript implementation
|-
| Guarda Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/GuardaWallet/status/1194270398730448896
|}

=== Exchanges ===



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| 1Fox || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://1fox.com/?c=en/content/blog&id=12
|-
| [[AgoraDesk]] || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Anycoin Direct || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://anycoindirect.eu/en/news/details/segwit-activated
|-
| BitBargain.co.uk || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bitcoin.de || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://bitcoinblog.de/2018/08/10/bitcoin-de-aktiviert-segwit-kunden-sparen-gebuehren/
|-
| Bitfinex || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/bitfinex/status/1189164144789983234
|-
| BitMEX || {{yes}} || {{No}} || https://blog.bitmex.com/bitmex-enables-bech32-sending-support/
|-
| Bittylicious || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/Bittylicious_/status/998881327347888128
|-
| Bitstamp || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://www.bitstamp.net/article/weve-added-support-bech32-bitcoin-addresses-bitsta/
|-
| Bitso || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/Bitso/status/1203784055340314624?s=20
|-
| Bitwage || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bisq || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://github.com/bisq-network/bisq-desktop/issues/1139 https://bisq.community/t/bech32-address-support/6521
|-
| Coinbase.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/diogorsergio/status/983052769262292992 (Note that Coinbase commerce does not support sending to bech32)
|-
| CoinFalcon || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coinfloor || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coinsbank.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Flyp.me || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| GDax || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/8c738k/coinbase_gdax_already_allows_sending_to_bc1/
|-
| Gemini || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/b66n0v/psa_gemini_is_full_on_with_native_segwit_and_uses/
|-
| Genesis || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Globitex || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| HitBTC || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Hodl Hodl || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://medium.com/@hodlhodl/hodl-hodl-segwit-compatible-exchange-a2231968ac56
|-
| Independent Reserve|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.independentreserve.com/bitcoin/investing
|-
| Itbit || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Kraken || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/krakenfx/status/1060306827848470528
|-
| Liberalcoins || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://liberalcoins.com
|-
| Localbitcoins.com || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Paxful.com || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Poloniex.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/a3jhcf/you_can_now_withdraw_from_poloniex_to_bech32/
|-
| TheRockTrading.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://twitter.com/TheRockTrading/status/976787499648512003
|-
| Walltime || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://walltime.info
|-
| Purse.io || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| www.bitwala.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Xapo || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Bitcoin ATM Models ===

Hopefully when a model updates then all its ATMs everywhere will gain that feature. See https://coinatmradar.com/shop/buy-bitcoin-atm/

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| GenesisCoin || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| General Bytes || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Lamassu Douro || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Blockchain Explorers ===

For trying these out you can use mainnet TXIDs <code>4ef47f6eb681d5d9fa2f7e16336cd629303c635e8da51e425b76088be9c8744c</code> and <code>514a33f1d46179b89e1fea7bbb07b682ab14083a276979f91038369d1a8d689b</code>. And addresses <code>bc1qar0srrr7xfkvy5l643lydnw9re59gtzzwf5mdq</code> and <code>bc1qc7slrfxkknqcq2jevvvkdgvrt8080852dfjewde450xdlk4ugp7szw5tk9</code>.

Some blockchain explorers can only parse the bech32 address and display it, they don't build an index so users cannot search for bech32 addresses.

See also: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Block_chain_browsers

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Display !! Index !! Notes
|-
| Apirone.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://apirone.com
|-
| bitaps.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://bitaps.com
|-
| Bitflyer || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://chainflyer.bitflyer.jp/
|-
| Bitupper Explorer || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://bitupper.com/en/explorer/bitcoin
|-
| blockchain.info || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Blockchair || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockchair.com/
|-
| Blockcypher || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://live.blockcypher.com/btc
|-
| Blockonomics || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://www.blockonomics.co
|-
| Blockpath || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockpath.com
|-
| BTC.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://BTC.com
|-
| Esplora || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Open source explorer, instances are https://blockstream.info/ and https://www.localbitcoinschain.com/
|-
| chaindex || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://chaindex.com/blockchain/
|-
| Insight || {{No}} || {{No}} || Open source explorer, instances include https://insight.bitpay.com/
|-
| OXT || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://oxt.me/
|-
| Tradeblock || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin
|}

=== Payment Processors ===



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Invoice addresses !! Withdrawal addresses !! Notes
|-
| [https://apirone.com Apirone] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Payment notifications, merchant dashboard, plugins for Magento, WooCommerce, OpenCart 2, Opencart 3.x, Virtuemart
|-
| [https://bitaps.com Bitaps] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Payment forwarding API, Wallet API, fault tolerance callback.
|-
| [https://coingate.com CoinGate] || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://cryptochill.com CryptoChill] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Highly customizable Bitcoin and Lightning Network payment gateway. Multi-sig, HD wallets, API, SDK.
|}

=== Mining Pools ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Payout !! Notes
|-
| [https://pool.btc.com/ BTC.com Pool] || {{No}} ||
|-
| [http://ckpool.org/ Ckpool] || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://kano.is/ KanoPool] || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=789369.msg53374508#msg53374508 bitcointalk source]
|-
| [http://poolin.com/ Poolin] || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5169994.msg52184844#msg52184844 bitcointalk source]
|-
| [https://slushpool.com/ Slush Pool] || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://ukrpool.com/ Ukr Pool] || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5124825.msg51358033#msg51358033 bitcointalk source]
|-
| [https://pool.viabtc.com/ ViaBTC Pool] || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Other Services ===

Casinos, marketplaces, etc that let users withdraw money

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Withdrawals !! Notes
|-
| 1Broker || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Crypto-Games.net || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=750760.msg31421151#msg31421151 bitcointalk source]
|-
| YOLOdice || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== References ===

[[Category:Software]]

Bech32 adoption

2020-02-27T13:27:47Z

Capsqrl: /* Exchanges */ Bitstamp now supports bech32 addresses for deposits (Create/receive)

[[Bech32]] is a new bitcoin [[address]] format specified by [[BIP 0173]]. This page tracks the adoption of [[Bech32]].

Ideally wallets and services would first support ''sending to'' bech32 addresses. After almost everything can send to, then people may be willing to adopt bech32 widely for receiving.

The amount of bech32 addresses on the blockchain is tracked on this website: https://p2sh.info/dashboard/db/bech32-statistics?orgId=1

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{No}} ||
|-
| {{Evaluating|??}} || Maybe / Haven't checked / placeholder
|-
| {{Planned}} || The developers said they plan to
|-
| {{Acceptable|PR Merged}} || In the case of software, code has been written and merged, and it will be in next release.
|-
| {{Yes}} || Feature has been released
|}

=== Software Wallets ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Bitcoin Core || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Bitcoin Knots || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| bcoin || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Armory || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| JoinMarket || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| GreenAddress || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Breadwallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/udiWertheimer/status/975810157941796864
|-
| Samourai Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Coinomi || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/865qn1/coinomi_wallet_beta_has_segwit_support/ reddit source]
|-
| BTC.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Casa || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Mycelium || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet Bitcoin Wallet for Android] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Wasabi Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Trust Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [https://trustwallet.com/blog/trust-wallet-adds-support-for-btc-ltc-bch official blog]
|-
| Guarda Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || [https://twitter.com/GuardaWallet/status/1194270398730448896 twitter announcement]
|-
|}

=== Hardware Wallets ===

Hardware wallet manufacturers typically publish a web wallet or browser add-on wallet for use with their hardware. Users can also sometimes connect their hardware wallet to a software wallet like [[Electrum]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Trezor web wallet || {{Acceptable|PR Merged}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Ledger chrome app || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Ledger Live (desktop app) || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Experimental feature
|-
| KeepKey chrome app || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitBox Desktop app || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Trezor + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Ledger + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| BitBox + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| KeepKey + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Archos + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Coldcard + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== Web Wallets ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Coinapult || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coin.Space || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitGo || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Full support on v2 platform, no plans to add support on v1 platform. Also see: https://blog.bitgo.com/native-segwit-addresses-via-bitgos-api-4946f2007be9
|-
| blockchain.info web|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/provoost/status/1037802325874761728
|-
| HolyTransaction || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| [https://coinb.in Coinb.in] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || open source JavaScript implementation
|-
| Guarda Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/GuardaWallet/status/1194270398730448896
|}

=== Exchanges ===



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| 1Fox || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://1fox.com/?c=en/content/blog&id=12
|-
| [[AgoraDesk]] || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Anycoin Direct || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://anycoindirect.eu/en/news/details/segwit-activated
|-
| BitBargain.co.uk || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bitcoin.de || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://bitcoinblog.de/2018/08/10/bitcoin-de-aktiviert-segwit-kunden-sparen-gebuehren/
|-
| Bitfinex || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/bitfinex/status/1189164144789983234
|-
| BitMEX || {{yes}} || {{No}} || https://blog.bitmex.com/bitmex-enables-bech32-sending-support/
|-
| Bittylicious || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/Bittylicious_/status/998881327347888128
|-
| Bitstamp || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || https://www.bitstamp.net/article/weve-added-support-bech32-bitcoin-addresses-bitsta/
|-
| Bitwage || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bisq || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://github.com/bisq-network/bisq-desktop/issues/1139 https://bisq.community/t/bech32-address-support/6521
|-
| Coinbase.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/diogorsergio/status/983052769262292992 (Note that Coinbase commerce does not support sending to bech32)
|-
| CoinFalcon || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coinfloor || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coinsbank.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Flyp.me || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| GDax || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/8c738k/coinbase_gdax_already_allows_sending_to_bc1/
|-
| Gemini || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/b66n0v/psa_gemini_is_full_on_with_native_segwit_and_uses/
|-
| Genesis || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Globitex || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| HitBTC || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Hodl Hodl || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://medium.com/@hodlhodl/hodl-hodl-segwit-compatible-exchange-a2231968ac56
|-
| Independent Reserve|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.independentreserve.com/bitcoin/investing
|-
| Itbit || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Kraken || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/krakenfx/status/1060306827848470528
|-
| Liberalcoins || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://liberalcoins.com
|-
| Localbitcoins.com || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Paxful.com || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Poloniex.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/a3jhcf/you_can_now_withdraw_from_poloniex_to_bech32/
|-
| TheRockTrading.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://twitter.com/TheRockTrading/status/976787499648512003
|-
| Walltime || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://walltime.info
|-
| Purse.io || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| www.bitwala.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Xapo || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Bitcoin ATM Models ===

Hopefully when a model updates then all its ATMs everywhere will gain that feature. See https://coinatmradar.com/shop/buy-bitcoin-atm/

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| GenesisCoin || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| General Bytes || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Lamassu Douro || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Blockchain Explorers ===

For trying these out you can use mainnet TXIDs <code>4ef47f6eb681d5d9fa2f7e16336cd629303c635e8da51e425b76088be9c8744c</code> and <code>514a33f1d46179b89e1fea7bbb07b682ab14083a276979f91038369d1a8d689b</code>. And addresses <code>bc1qar0srrr7xfkvy5l643lydnw9re59gtzzwf5mdq</code> and <code>bc1qc7slrfxkknqcq2jevvvkdgvrt8080852dfjewde450xdlk4ugp7szw5tk9</code>.

Some blockchain explorers can only parse the bech32 address and display it, they don't build an index so users cannot search for bech32 addresses.

See also: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Block_chain_browsers

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Display !! Index !! Notes
|-
| Apirone.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://apirone.com
|-
| bitaps.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://bitaps.com
|-
| Bitflyer || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://chainflyer.bitflyer.jp/
|-
| Bitupper Explorer || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://bitupper.com/en/explorer/bitcoin
|-
| blockchain.info || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Blockchair || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockchair.com/
|-
| Blockcypher || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://live.blockcypher.com/btc
|-
| Blockonomics || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://www.blockonomics.co
|-
| Blockpath || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockpath.com
|-
| BTC.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://BTC.com
|-
| Esplora || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Open source explorer, instances are https://blockstream.info/ and https://www.localbitcoinschain.com/
|-
| chaindex || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://chaindex.com/blockchain/
|-
| Insight || {{No}} || {{No}} || Open source explorer, instances include https://insight.bitpay.com/
|-
| OXT || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://oxt.me/
|-
| Tradeblock || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin
|}

=== Payment Processors ===



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Invoice addresses !! Withdrawal addresses !! Notes
|-
| [https://apirone.com Apirone] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Payment notifications, merchant dashboard, plugins for Magento, WooCommerce, OpenCart 2, Opencart 3.x, Virtuemart
|-
| [https://bitaps.com Bitaps] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Payment forwarding API, Wallet API, fault tolerance callback.
|-
| [https://coingate.com CoinGate] || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://cryptochill.com CryptoChill] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Highly customizable Bitcoin and Lightning Network payment gateway. Multi-sig, HD wallets, API, SDK.
|}

=== Mining Pools ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Payout !! Notes
|-
| [https://pool.btc.com/ BTC.com Pool] || {{No}} ||
|-
| [http://ckpool.org/ Ckpool] || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://kano.is/ KanoPool] || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=789369.msg53374508#msg53374508 bitcointalk source]
|-
| [http://poolin.com/ Poolin] || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5169994.msg52184844#msg52184844 bitcointalk source]
|-
| [https://slushpool.com/ Slush Pool] || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://ukrpool.com/ Ukr Pool] || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5124825.msg51358033#msg51358033 bitcointalk source]
|-
| [https://pool.viabtc.com/ ViaBTC Pool] || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Other Services ===

Casinos, marketplaces, etc that let users withdraw money

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Withdrawals !! Notes
|-
| 1Broker || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Crypto-Games.net || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=750760.msg31421151#msg31421151 bitcointalk source]
|-
| YOLOdice || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== References ===

[[Category:Software]]

Bech32 adoption

2019-10-01T08:51:27Z

Capsqrl: Moderate the Apirone spam

[[Bech32]] is a new bitcoin [[address]] format specified by [[BIP 0173]]. This page tracks the adoption of [[Bech32]].

Ideally wallets and services would first support ''sending to'' bech32 addresses. After almost everything can send to, then people may be willing to adopt bech32 widely for receiving.

The amount of bech32 addresses on the blockchain is tracked on this website: https://p2sh.info/dashboard/db/bech32-statistics?orgId=1

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{No}} ||
|-
| {{Evaluating|??}} || Maybe / Haven't checked / placeholder
|-
| {{Planned}} || The developers said they plan to
|-
| {{Acceptable|PR Merged}} || In the case of software, code has been written and merged, and it will be in next release.
|-
| {{Yes}} || Feature has been released
|}

=== Software Wallets ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Bitcoin Core || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Bitcoin Knots || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Armory || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| JoinMarket || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| GreenAddress || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Breadwallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/udiWertheimer/status/975810157941796864
|-
| Samourai Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Coinomi || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/865qn1/coinomi_wallet_beta_has_segwit_support/ reddit source]
|-
| BTC.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Casa || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Mycelium || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet Bitcoin Wallet for Android] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Wasabi Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Trust Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [https://trustwallet.com/blog/trust-wallet-adds-support-for-btc-ltc-bch official blog]
|-
|}

=== Hardware Wallets ===

Hardware wallet manufacturers typically publish a web wallet or browser add-on wallet for use with their hardware. Users can also sometimes connect their hardware wallet to a software wallet like [[Electrum]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Trezor web wallet || {{Acceptable|PR Merged}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Ledger chrome app || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Ledger Live (desktop app) || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Experimental feature
|-
| KeepKey chrome app || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitBox Desktop app || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Trezor + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Ledger + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| BitBox + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| KeepKey + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Archos + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Coldcard + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== Web Wallets ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Coinapult || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coin.Space || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitGo || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Full support on v2 platform, no plans to add support on v1 platform. Also see: https://blog.bitgo.com/native-segwit-addresses-via-bitgos-api-4946f2007be9
|-
| blockchain.info web wallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/provoost/status/1037802325874761728
|-
| HolyTransaction || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| [https://coinb.in Coinb.in] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || open source JavaScript implementation
|}

=== Exchanges ===



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| 1Fox || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://1fox.com/?c=en/content/blog&id=12
|-
| Anycoin Direct || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://anycoindirect.eu/en/news/details/segwit-activated
|-
| BitBargain.co.uk || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bitcoin.de || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://bitcoinblog.de/2018/08/10/bitcoin-de-aktiviert-segwit-kunden-sparen-gebuehren/
|-
| Bitfinex || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitMEX || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bittylicious || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/Bittylicious_/status/998881327347888128
|-
| Bitstamp || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bitwage || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bisq || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://github.com/bisq-network/bisq-desktop/issues/1139 https://bisq.community/t/bech32-address-support/6521
|-
| Coinbase.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/diogorsergio/status/983052769262292992 (Note that Coinbase commerce does not support sending to bech32)
|-
| CoinFalcon || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coinfloor || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coinsbank.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Flyp.me || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| GDax || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/8c738k/coinbase_gdax_already_allows_sending_to_bc1/
|-
| Gemini || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/b66n0v/psa_gemini_is_full_on_with_native_segwit_and_uses/
|-
| Genesis || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| HitBTC || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Hodl Hodl || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://medium.com/@hodlhodl/hodl-hodl-segwit-compatible-exchange-a2231968ac56
|-
| Itbit || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Kraken || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/krakenfx/status/1060306827848470528
|-
| Liberalcoins || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://liberalcoins.com
|-
| Localbitcoins.com || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Paxful.com || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Poloniex.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/a3jhcf/you_can_now_withdraw_from_poloniex_to_bech32/
|-
| TheRockTrading.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://twitter.com/TheRockTrading/status/976787499648512003
|-
| Walltime || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://walltime.info
|}

=== Bitcoin ATM Models ===

Hopefully when a model updates then all its ATMs everywhere will gain that feature. See https://coinatmradar.com/shop/buy-bitcoin-atm/

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| GenesisCoin || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| General Bytes || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Lamassu Douro || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Blockchain Explorers ===

For trying these out you can use mainnet TXIDs <code>4ef47f6eb681d5d9fa2f7e16336cd629303c635e8da51e425b76088be9c8744c</code> and <code>514a33f1d46179b89e1fea7bbb07b682ab14083a276979f91038369d1a8d689b</code>. And addresses <code>bc1qar0srrr7xfkvy5l643lydnw9re59gtzzwf5mdq</code> and <code>bc1qc7slrfxkknqcq2jevvvkdgvrt8080852dfjewde450xdlk4ugp7szw5tk9</code>.

Some blockchain explorers can only parse the bech32 address and display it, they don't build an index so users cannot search for bech32 addresses.

See also: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Block_chain_browsers

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Display !! Index !! Notes
|-
| Apirone.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://apirone.com
|-
| bitaps.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://bitaps.com
|-
| Bitflyer || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://chainflyer.bitflyer.jp/
|-
| Bitupper Explorer || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://bitupper.com/en/explorer/bitcoin
|-
| blockchain.info || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Blockchair || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockchair.com/
|-
| Blockcypher || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://live.blockcypher.com/btc
|-
| Blockonomics || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://www.blockonomics.co
|-
| Blockpath || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockpath.com
|-
| BTC.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://BTC.com
|-
| Esplora || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Open source explorer, instances are https://blockstream.info/ and https://www.localbitcoinschain.com/
|-
| chaindex || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://chaindex.com/blockchain/
|-
| Insight || {{No}} || {{No}} || Open source explorer, instances include https://insight.bitpay.com/
|-
| OXT || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://oxt.me/
|-
| Tradeblock || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin
|}

=== Payment Processors ===



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Invoice addresses !! Withdrawal addresses !! Notes
|-
| [https://apirone.com Apirone] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Payment notifications, merchant dashboard, plugins for Magento, WooCommerce, OpenCart 2, Opencart 3.x, Virtuemart
|-
| [https://bitaps.com Bitaps] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Payment forwarding API, Wallet API, fault tolerance callback.
|-
| [https://coingate.com CoinGate] || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://cryptochill.com CryptoChill] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Highly customizable Bitcoin and Lightning Network payment gateway. Multi-sig, HD wallets, API, SDK.
|}

=== Mining Pools ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Payout !! Notes
|-
| [https://pool.btc.com/ BTC.com Pool] || {{No}} ||
|-
| [http://ckpool.org/ Ckpool] || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://kano.is/ KanoPool] || {{No}} ||
|-
| [http://poolin.com/ Poolin] || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5169994.msg52184844#msg52184844 bitcointalk source]
|-
| [https://slushpool.com/ Slush Pool] || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://ukrpool.com/ Ukr Pool] || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5124825.msg51358033#msg51358033 bitcointalk source]
|-
| [https://pool.viabtc.com/ ViaBTC Pool] || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Other Services ===

Casinos, marketplaces, etc that let users withdraw money

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Withdrawals !! Notes
|-
| 1Broker || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Crypto-Games.net || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=750760.msg31421151#msg31421151 bitcointalk source]
|-
| YOLOdice || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== References ===

[[Category:Software]]

Bech32 adoption

2019-04-28T10:15:01Z

Capsqrl: /* Other Services */ Remove promotional language. A source should be added instead.

[[Bech32]] is a new bitcoin [[address]] format specified by [[BIP 0173]]. This page tracks the adoption of [[Bech32]].

Ideally wallets and services would first support ''sending to'' bech32 addresses. After almost everything can send to, then people may be willing to adopt bech32 widely for receiving.

The amount of bech32 addresses on the blockchain is tracked on this website: https://p2sh.info/dashboard/db/bech32-statistics?orgId=1

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{No}} ||
|-
| {{Evaluating|??}} || Maybe / Haven't checked / placeholder
|-
| {{Planned}} || The developers said they plan to
|-
| {{Acceptable|PR Merged}} || In the case of software, code has been written and merged, and it will be in next release.
|-
| {{Yes}} || Feature has been released
|}

=== Software Wallets ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Bitcoin Core || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Bitcoin Knots || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Armory || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| JoinMarket || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| GreenAddress || {{Yes}} || {{Planned}} ||
|-
| Breadwallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/udiWertheimer/status/975810157941796864
|-
| Samourai Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Coinomi || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/865qn1/coinomi_wallet_beta_has_segwit_support/ reddit source]
|-
| BTC.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Casa || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Mycelium || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet Bitcoin Wallet for Android] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Wasabi Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Trust Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [https://trustwallet.com/blog/trust-wallet-adds-support-for-btc-ltc-bch official blog]
|-
|}

=== Hardware Wallets ===

Hardware wallet manufacturers typically publish a web wallet or browser add-on wallet for use with their hardware. Users can also sometimes connect their hardware wallet to a software wallet like [[Electrum]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Trezor web wallet || {{Acceptable|PR Merged}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Ledger chrome app || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Ledger Live (desktop app) || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| KeepKey chrome app || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitBox Desktop app || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Trezor + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Ledger + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| BitBox + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| KeepKey + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Archos + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Coldcard + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== Web Wallets ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Coinapult || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coin.Space || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitGo || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| blockchain.info web wallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/provoost/status/1037802325874761728
|-
| HolyTransaction || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| [https://coinb.in Coinb.in] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || open source JavaScript implementation
|}

=== Exchanges ===



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| 1Fox || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://1fox.com/?c=en/content/blog&id=12
|-
| Anycoin Direct || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://anycoindirect.eu/en/news/details/segwit-activated
|-
| BitBargain.co.uk || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bitcoin.de || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://bitcoinblog.de/2018/08/10/bitcoin-de-aktiviert-segwit-kunden-sparen-gebuehren/
|-
| Bitfinex || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitMEX || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bittylicious || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/Bittylicious_/status/998881327347888128
|-
| Bitstamp || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bitwage || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bisq || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://github.com/bisq-network/bisq-desktop/issues/1139 https://bisq.community/t/bech32-address-support/6521
|-
| Coinbase.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/diogorsergio/status/983052769262292992
|-
| CoinFalcon || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coinfloor || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coinsbank.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Flyp.me || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| GDax || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/8c738k/coinbase_gdax_already_allows_sending_to_bc1/
|-
| Gemini || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/b66n0v/psa_gemini_is_full_on_with_native_segwit_and_uses/
|-
| Genesis || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| HitBTC || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Hodl Hodl || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://medium.com/@hodlhodl/hodl-hodl-segwit-compatible-exchange-a2231968ac56
|-
| Itbit || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Kraken || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/krakenfx/status/1060306827848470528
|-
| Liberalcoins || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://liberalcoins.com
|-
| Localbitcoins.com || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Paxful.com || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Poloniex.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/a3jhcf/you_can_now_withdraw_from_poloniex_to_bech32/
|-
| TheRockTrading.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://twitter.com/TheRockTrading/status/976787499648512003
|-
| Walltime || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://walltime.info
|}

=== Bitcoin ATM Models ===

Hopefully when a model updates then all its ATMs everywhere will gain that feature. See https://coinatmradar.com/shop/buy-bitcoin-atm/

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| GenesisCoin || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| General Bytes || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Lamassu Douro || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Blockchain Explorers ===

For trying these out you can use mainnet TXIDs <code>4ef47f6eb681d5d9fa2f7e16336cd629303c635e8da51e425b76088be9c8744c</code> and <code>514a33f1d46179b89e1fea7bbb07b682ab14083a276979f91038369d1a8d689b</code>. And addresses <code>bc1qar0srrr7xfkvy5l643lydnw9re59gtzzwf5mdq</code> and <code>bc1qc7slrfxkknqcq2jevvvkdgvrt8080852dfjewde450xdlk4ugp7szw5tk9</code>.

Some blockchain explorers can only parse the bech32 address and display it, they don't build an index so users cannot search for bech32 addresses.

See also: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Block_chain_browsers

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Display !! Index !! Notes
|-
| Apirone.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Bitcoin Block Explorer with SegWit support https://apirone.com
|-
| bitaps.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://bitaps.com
|-
| Bitflyer || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://chainflyer.bitflyer.jp/
|-
| Bitupper Explorer || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://bitupper.com/en/explorer/bitcoin
|-
| blockchain.info || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Blockchair || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockchair.com/
|-
| Blockcypher || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://live.blockcypher.com/btc
|-
| Blockonomics || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://www.blockonomics.co
|-
| Blockpath || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockpath.com
|-
| blockstream.info || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockstream.info/
|-
| chaindex || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://chaindex.com/blockchain/
|-
| Insight || {{No}} || {{No}} || Open source explorer, instances are https://insight.bitpay.com/ and https://chain.localbitcoins.com/
|-
| OXT || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://oxt.me/
|-
| Tradeblock || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin
|}

=== Payment Processors ===



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Invoice addresses !! Withdrawal addresses !! Notes
|-
| [https://apirone.com Apirone] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Payment notifications, Merchant dashboard, Bitcoin plugins for Magento, WooCommerce, OpenCart 2, Opencart 3.x, Virtuemart etc.
|-
| [https://bitaps.com Bitaps] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Payment forwarding API, Wallet API, fault tolerance callback.
|-
| [https://coingate.com CoinGate] || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== Mining Pools ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Payout !! Notes
|-
| [https://pool.btc.com/ BTC.com Pool] || {{No}} ||
|-
| [http://ckpool.org/ Ckpool] || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://kano.is/ KanoPool] || {{No}} ||
|-
| [https://slushpool.com/ Slush Pool] || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://pool.viabtc.com/ ViaBTC Pool] || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Other Services ===

Casinos, marketplaces, etc that let users withdraw money

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Withdrawals !! Notes
|-
| 1Broker || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Crypto-Games.net || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=750760.msg31421151#msg31421151 bitcointalk source]
|-
| YOLOdice || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== References ===

[[Category:Software]]

User:Capsqrl

2019-04-22T09:30:15Z

Capsqrl: Remove obsolete tip jar

I am also [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=61887 Capsqrl on the forum].

Bech32 adoption

2019-04-22T09:22:09Z

Capsqrl: /* Exchanges */ Remove promotional language

[[Bech32]] is a new bitcoin [[address]] format specified by [[BIP 0173]]. This page tracks the adoption of [[Bech32]].

Ideally wallets and services would first support ''sending to'' bech32 addresses. After almost everything can send to, then people may be willing to adopt bech32 widely for receiving.

The amount of bech32 addresses on the blockchain is tracked on this website: https://p2sh.info/dashboard/db/bech32-statistics?orgId=1

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{No}} ||
|-
| {{Evaluating|??}} || Maybe / Haven't checked / placeholder
|-
| {{Planned}} || The developers said they plan to
|-
| {{Acceptable|PR Merged}} || In the case of software, code has been written and merged, and it will be in next release.
|-
| {{Yes}} || Feature has been released
|}

=== Software Wallets ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Bitcoin Core || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Bitcoin Knots || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Armory || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| JoinMarket || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| GreenAddress || {{Yes}} || {{Planned}} ||
|-
| Breadwallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/udiWertheimer/status/975810157941796864
|-
| Samourai Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Coinomi || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/865qn1/coinomi_wallet_beta_has_segwit_support/ reddit source]
|-
| BTC.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Casa || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Mycelium || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.schildbach.wallet Bitcoin Wallet for Android] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Wasabi Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Trust Wallet || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [https://trustwallet.com/blog/trust-wallet-adds-support-for-btc-ltc-bch official blog]
|-
|}

=== Hardware Wallets ===

Hardware wallet manufacturers typically publish a web wallet or browser add-on wallet for use with their hardware. Users can also sometimes connect their hardware wallet to a software wallet like [[Electrum]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Trezor web wallet || {{Acceptable|PR Merged}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Ledger chrome app || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Ledger Live (desktop app) || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| KeepKey chrome app || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitBox Desktop app || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Trezor + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Ledger + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| BitBox + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| KeepKey + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Archos + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Coldcard + Electrum || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== Web Wallets ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| Coinapult || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coin.Space || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitGo || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| blockchain.info web wallet || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/provoost/status/1037802325874761728
|-
| HolyTransaction || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| [https://coinb.in Coinb.in] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || open source JavaScript implementation
|}

=== Exchanges ===



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| 1Fox || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://1fox.com/?c=en/content/blog&id=12
|-
| Anycoin Direct || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://anycoindirect.eu/en/news/details/segwit-activated
|-
| BitBargain.co.uk || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bitcoin.de || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://bitcoinblog.de/2018/08/10/bitcoin-de-aktiviert-segwit-kunden-sparen-gebuehren/
|-
| Bitfinex || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitMEX || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bittylicious || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/Bittylicious_/status/998881327347888128
|-
| Bitstamp || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bitwage || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Bisq || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://github.com/bisq-network/bisq-desktop/issues/1139 https://bisq.community/t/bech32-address-support/6521
|-
| Coinbase.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/diogorsergio/status/983052769262292992
|-
| CoinFalcon || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coinfloor || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Coinsbank.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Flyp.me || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| GDax || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/8c738k/coinbase_gdax_already_allows_sending_to_bc1/
|-
| Gemini || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/b66n0v/psa_gemini_is_full_on_with_native_segwit_and_uses/
|-
| Genesis || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| HitBTC || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Hodl Hodl || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://medium.com/@hodlhodl/hodl-hodl-segwit-compatible-exchange-a2231968ac56
|-
| Itbit || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Kraken || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://twitter.com/krakenfx/status/1060306827848470528
|-
| Liberalcoins || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://liberalcoins.com
|-
| Localbitcoins.com || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Paxful.com || {{Evaluating|??}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Poloniex.com || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/a3jhcf/you_can_now_withdraw_from_poloniex_to_bech32/
|-
| TheRockTrading.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://twitter.com/TheRockTrading/status/976787499648512003
|-
| Walltime || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://walltime.info
|}

=== Bitcoin ATM Models ===

Hopefully when a model updates then all its ATMs everywhere will gain that feature. See https://coinatmradar.com/shop/buy-bitcoin-atm/

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Send to !! Create/receive !! Notes
|-
| GenesisCoin || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| General Bytes || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Lamassu Douro || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|}

=== Blockchain Explorers ===

For trying these out you can use mainnet TXIDs <code>4ef47f6eb681d5d9fa2f7e16336cd629303c635e8da51e425b76088be9c8744c</code> and <code>514a33f1d46179b89e1fea7bbb07b682ab14083a276979f91038369d1a8d689b</code>. And addresses <code>bc1qar0srrr7xfkvy5l643lydnw9re59gtzzwf5mdq</code> and <code>bc1qc7slrfxkknqcq2jevvvkdgvrt8080852dfjewde450xdlk4ugp7szw5tk9</code>.

Some blockchain explorers can only parse the bech32 address and display it, they don't build an index so users cannot search for bech32 addresses.

See also: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Block_chain_browsers

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Display !! Index !! Notes
|-
| Apirone.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Bitcoin Block Explorer with SegWit support https://apirone.com
|-
| bitaps.com || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://bitaps.com
|-
| Bitflyer || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://chainflyer.bitflyer.jp/
|-
| Bitupper Explorer || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://bitupper.com/en/explorer/bitcoin
|-
| blockchain.info || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| Blockchair || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockchair.com/
|-
| Blockcypher || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://live.blockcypher.com/btc
|-
| Blockonomics || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://www.blockonomics.co
|-
| Blockpath || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockpath.com
|-
| blockstream.info || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://blockstream.info/
|-
| chaindex || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://chaindex.com/blockchain/
|-
| Insight || {{No}} || {{No}} || Open source explorer, instances are https://insight.bitpay.com/ and https://chain.localbitcoins.com/
|-
| OXT || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || https://oxt.me/
|-
| Tradeblock || {{No}} || {{No}} || https://tradeblock.com/bitcoin
|}

=== Payment Processors ===



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Invoice addresses !! Withdrawal addresses !! Notes
|-
| [https://apirone.com Apirone] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Payment notifications, Merchant dashboard, Bitcoin plugins for Magento, WooCommerce, OpenCart 2, Opencart 3.x, Virtuemart etc.
|-
| [https://bitaps.com Bitaps] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Payment forwarding API, Wallet API, fault tolerance callback.
|-
| [https://coingate.com CoinGate] || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|}

=== Other Services ===

Casinos, marketplaces, etc that let users withdraw money

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Withdrawals !! Notes
|-
| 1Broker || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| Crypto-Games.net || {{Yes}} || [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=750760.msg31421151#msg31421151 bitcointalk source]
|-
| YOLOdice || {{Yes}} || A popular dice site https://yolodice.com
|}

=== References ===

[[Category:Software]]

Craig Wright

2019-04-14T07:49:40Z

Capsqrl: Fix Kleinman -> Kleiman

Data directory

2015-08-04T10:33:28Z

Capsqrl: D:\BitCoinData -> D:\BitcoinData

The data directory is the location where Bitcoin's data files are stored, including the [[Wallet|wallet]] data file.

==Default Location==
=== Windows ===

Go to Start -> Run (or press WinKey+R) and run this:

%APPDATA%\Bitcoin

Bitcoin's data folder will open. For most users, this is the following locations:

C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Application data\Bitcoin (XP)

C:\Users\YourUserName\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin (Vista and 7)

"AppData" and "Application data" are hidden by default.

You can also store Bitcoin data files in any other drive or folder.

If you have already downloaded the data then you will have to move the data to the new folder.
If you want to store them in D:\BitcoinData then click on "Properties" of a shortcut to bitcoin-qt.exe and
add -datadir=D:\BitcoinData at the end as an example:

"C:\Program Files (x86)\Bitcoin\bitcoin-qt.exe" -datadir=d:\BitcoinData

Start Bitcoin, now you will see all the files are created in the new data directory.

=== Linux ===

By default Bitcoin will put its data here:

~/.bitcoin/

You need to do a "ls -a" to see directories that start with a dot.

If that's not it, you can do a search like this:

find / -name wallet.dat -print 2>/dev/null

=== Mac ===

By default Bitcoin will put its data here:

~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/

==Directory Contents==

===Files===
* .lock
**BDB lock file
* bitcoin.conf [optional]
**Contains [[Running_Bitcoin#Bitcoin.conf_Configuration_File|configuration options]].
* blk''xxxx''.dat [Versions prior to v0.8.0]
**Contains concatenated raw blocks. Stored are actual Bitcoin blocks, in network format, dumped to disk raw.
* blkindex.dat [Versions prior to v0.8.0]
**Indexing information used with blk''xxxx''.dat
* __db.''xxx''
**Used by BDB
* db.log
* debug.log
**Bitcoin's verbose log file. Automatically trimmed from time to time.
* wallet.dat
**Storage for keys, transactions, metadata, and options. Please be sure to make backups of this file. It contains the keys necessary for spending your bitcoins.
* addr.dat [Versions prior to v0.7.0]
** Storage for ip addresses to make a reconnect easier
* peers.dat [Versions v0.7.0 and later]
** Storage for peer information to make a reconnect easier. This file uses a bitcoin-specific file format, unrelated to any database system<ref>[http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=119525.msg1287284#msg1287284 Ultraprune merged in mainline]</ref>.
The data, index and log files are used by Oracle [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB Berkeley DB], the embedded key/value data store that Bitcoin uses.

===database subdirectory===
Contains BDB journaling files

===testnet3 subdirectory===
Contains testnet versions of these files (if running with -testnet)

===blocks subdirectory===
[v0.8 and above] Contains blockchain data.

* blk*.dat
** Stored are actual Bitcoin blocks, in network format, dumped to disk raw. They are only needed for re-scanning missing transactions in a wallet, reorganizing to a different part of the chain, and serving the block data to other nodes that are synchronizing.

* blocks/index subdirectory
** [v0.8 and above] A LevelDB database that contains metadata about all known blocks, and where to find them on disk. Without this, finding a block would be very slow.

===chainstate subdirectory===
[v0.8 and above] A LevelDB database with a compact representation of all currently unspent transaction outputs and some metadata about the transactions they are from. The data here is necessary for validating new incoming blocks and transactions. It can theoretically be rebuilt from the block data (see the -reindex command line option), but this takes a rather long time. Without it, you could still theoretically do validation indeed, but it would mean a full scan through the blocks (7 GB as of may 2013) for every output being spent.

===locks subdirectory===
[v0.8 and above] Contains "undo" data.

* rev*.dat
You can see blocks as 'patches' to the chain state (they consume some unspent outputs, and produce new ones), and see the undo data as reverse patches. They are necessary for rolling back the chainstate, which is necessary in case of reorganizations.

===Bootstrapping the blockchain from a snapshot distributed through BitTorrent===
There is a [https://bitcoin.org/bin/block-chain/ torrent file that gets updated] every few months that enables a much faster download of the blockchain. Once downloaded, the bootstrap.dat file can be placed in the root of the data directory, and Bitcoin Core 0.7.1 and above will automatically import it. '''NOTE:''' As of Bitcoin Core version 0.10.0 and later, the blockchain bootstrap
torrent is ''slower'' than a direct download using the bitcoin P2P protocol & client.<ref>[https://bitcoin.org/bin/block-chain/README.txt README.txt for bootstrap.dat.torrent]</ref>

===Personally identifiable data [v0.8 and above]===
This section may be of use to you if you wish to send a friend the blockchain, avoiding them a hefty download.

*wallet.dat
**Contains addresses and transactions linked to them. Please be sure to make backups of this file. It contains the keys necessary for spending your bitcoins. You should not transfer this file to any third party or they may be able to access your bitcoins.
*db.log
**May contain information pertaining to your wallet. It may be safely deleted.
*debug.log
**May contain IP addresses and transaction ID's. It may be safely deleted.
*database/ folder
**This should only exist when bitcoin-qt is currently running. It contains information (BDB state) relating to your wallet.
*peers.dat
**Unknown whether this contains personally identifiable data. It may be safely deleted.

Other files and folders (blocks, blocks/index, chainstate) may be safely transferred/archived as they contain information pertaining only to the public blockchain.

==See Also==

* [[Running Bitcoin]]
* [[Securing your wallet]]
* [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/a/11108/153 What is the database for?] Question on Bitcoin Stack Exchange

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Technical]]

[[es:Directorio de datos]]

User:Gmaxwell/block network coding

2014-07-07T20:37:41Z

Capsqrl: Fix a couple of typos

We'd like to be able to efficiently transmit blocks without sending the data we've already sent a node, but we can't be sure which of that data it still remembers. We could use an interactive protocol where first block where only presumed-missing transactions are sent along with a list, but then we take on additional latency from interaction to obtain the missing data. As a bonus it would be nice if our efficient low latency protocol supported parallel data fetching.

First assume we have a fast function that takes an array of bytes and permutes it according to a key where different key values, at a minimum, make the first 32 bits depend on different parts of the word. It must also have a fast inverse. E.g. AES in backwards-CBC would meet this defintion, but so would a function that swapped bits in the first 32 bits with random bits in the rest of the the word. We'll call this permute(data,key).

When we receive a block we make the list of tx hashes in the block and append their sizes. We then take the hash of the block and run permute() on the hashes using the block hash as the key.

Then we take the first 32 bits of the permuted hashes in block order and code them with a 32-bit error correcting code such that there are now (virtually) at least 2^32-1 32 bit words such that n_tx of them are required to recover the complete set of transaction hashes. We use a random seed to select a fraction of n_tx these words at random, with the peer controlling the fraction. If our peer has no other peers it will set its fraction to 1. We send the block header, seed and the fraction to our peer.

We then apply the same error correcting code to the rest of the hashes in 32 bit planes such the there is a separate error correcting code for each remaining 32 bits of the tx hashes which spans the whole block-hash-list. We select a random fraction, using the prior seed, of the resulting words minus all the systematic words (the words equal to the original message), where the fraction is equal to a conservative estimate of what fraction of the transaction we believe the peer already knows (based on what we recently sent it and what it recently INVed to us), times a peer controlled multiplier. We send the result to the peer.

We then take the entire block and code the entire thing under a single error correcting code. We select a fraction of the words, again excluding all the systematic words, equal to our estimate of how much of the block data the peer already has (similar to the above tx count estimate but not identical, both because tx are not constant size and because a peer can be expected to keep more txids than data), times a correction factor that depends on the distribution of transaction sizes, times a peer controlled multiplier. We send the result to the peer.

If all goes well, the peer can immediately decode the list of the first 32 bits of the permuted transaction hashes.

Given the first 32 bits of data it can match up the subsequent hashes for all the txids that it knows. If there is a collision it just ignores that codeword. If it has received a few more words than strictly needed it can also go search for undetected collisions. The permutations make it infeasible for a malicious party to produce txid that will collide in the first 32 bits. It fills in the rest of the known data, and that allows it to recover the rest of the txid list using only the number of words it didn't already know.

Once the txhashes and sizes are reconstructed they can be unpermuted and the known parts of the block can be dropped into place. Now the node only needs the number of missing words from the block to complete the reconstruction. Because a single missing transaction can cause some additional missing words due to alignment a little extra data is required (though it might work out better to just pad all transactions up to a multiple of 32 bits for the purpose of this coding, or to code the uneven ends separately in another higher rate code). Presumably the peer(s) have sent enough data and now the whole block can be reconstructed.

If there was missing data at any step the node it asks peers for more data and they send more random words. It also increases the fraction it asks for in the future. Alas, low latency is lost in this case.

This works for parallel fetching for multiple nodes. Additionally, nodes which haven't yet received enough data to fully reconstruct a block can immediately begin relaying block fragments though if multiple peers do send early block data to you, you'll likely get duplicate data. So it would be better if each node asked only one peer to send early data (though certain locally decodable codes can be recoded with partial data, none are super efficient for smaller block sizes and bitcoin blocks may be too small for them to be helpful). This could be extended further by splitting the early data into several colors and each node would have only a single parent for each color.

The end result is that a node can receive close to the size of the block data it doesn't know (plus 32 bits per transaction) from one or more uncoordinated peers and reconstruct the whole block without additional round trips with high probability.

What error correcting code to use? The obvious thing to use is an RS code, since they're optimal... but RS codes can be moderately slow: E.g. even using an 8 bit field they might only achieve speeds of 100mbit/sec for encoding. Plus RS codes have their maximum rate limited by the word size, and for this we really want an infinite rate code so that data from different peers has a negligible probability of being redundant. One solution is raptor codes (the concatenation of a LT code and a lower level code) but there are some [https://datatracker.ietf.org/ipr/1958/ patent complications]. Another good solution would be [http://planete-bcast.inrialpes.fr/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=5 LDPC block codes] which are almost as efficient and very fast. The small inefficiency of a few percent from using a non-optimal scheme is easily offset by the savings from not retransmitting already transmitted data.

Research

2012-11-04T16:25:36Z

Capsqrl: Adding ThePiachu's thesis

Publications including research and analysis of Bitcoin or related areas.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title
! Author
! Type
! Year
! Links
|-
| Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
| Satoshi Nakamoto
| Research paper
| 2009
| [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double Spending attacks on Fast Payments in Bitcoin
| Ghassan O. Karame, Elli Androulaki, Srdjan Cap-kun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/248 Download]
|-
| Shadowy Figures: Tracking Illicit Financial Transactions in the Murky World of Digital Currencies, Peer–to–Peer Networks, and Mobile Device Payments
| John Villasenor, Cody Monk, Christopher Bronk
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/ITP-pub-FinancialTransactions-082911.pdf Download]
|-
| An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System
| Fergal Reid, Martin Harrigan
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524 Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31539.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency
| Reuben Grinberg
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6247.0 discussion]
|-
| Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine.
| Piotr "ThePiachu" Piasecki
| Master's thesis
| 2012
| [https://dl.dropbox.com/u/3658181/PiotrPiasecki-BitcoinMasterThesis.pdf Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0 discussion]
|-
| The Production of Freedom: Value Production in the US- dominated Financial System, and Possible Alternatives
| Jeremy Kirshbaum
| Master's thesis
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JIyMWIibqH8x20vGBTMBZ2yqM7Xbp54UpWBh0o2H7WI/edit?pli=1 Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87404.0 discussion]
|-
| COIN: a distributed accounting system for peer to peer networks
| Fabio Varesano
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://www.varesano.net/contents/projects/coin%20distributed%20accounting%20system%20peer%20peer%20networks Download]
|-
| BITCOIN CLIENTS
| Rostislav Skudnov
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/47166/Skudnov_Rostislav.pdf?sequence=1 Download]
|-
| Bitter to Better—How to Make Bitcoin a Better Currency
| Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, Ersin Uzun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| NooShare: A decentralized ledger of shared computational resources
| Alex Coventry
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin NFC
| David Allen Bronleewe
| Master's report
| 2011
| [http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4150/BRONLEEWE-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1 Download], [http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-nfc source code]
|-
| Bits and Bets. Information, Price Volatility, and Demand for Bitcoin
| Martis Buchholz, Jess Delaney, Joseph Warren
| Final project
| 2012
| [http://academic.reed.edu/economics/parker/s12/312/finalproj/Bitcoin.pdf Download], [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/x7kop/economic_analysis_of_the_demand_for_bitcoin discussion], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=96003.0 discussion]
|-
| Optimal pool abuse strategy
| Raulo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3165.0 discussion]
|-
| Triple Entry Accounting
| Ian Grigg
| Research paper
| 2005
| [http://iang.org/papers/triple_entry.html Download]
|-
| Cyberlaundering: Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering
| R. Mark Bortner
| Research paper
| 1996
| [http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/seminar/papers/bortner.htm Download]
|-
| Abusing Bitcoin cooperative mining pools: strategies for egoistical but honest miners
| Nakamoto Ryo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bitcoinservice.co.uk/files/111 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2941.0 discussion]
|-
| Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems
| Meni Rosenfeld
| Research paper
| 2011
| [https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32814.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin Exchange system
| Tomáš Jiříček
| Research paper
| 2012
| [https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/jiricto2_2012bach.pdf Download]
|-
| On Bitcoin and Red Balloons
| Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren, Aviv Zohar
| Publication article
| 2012
| [http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/156072/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| 2011 Observations on the Digital Currency Industry
| Mark Herpel
| Publication article
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1721076 Download]
|-
| MAVE, New Lightweight Digital Signature Protocols for Massive Verifications
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mave1.pdf Download]
|-
| MAVEPAY, a New Lightweight Payment Scheme for Peer to Peer Currency Networks
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mavepay1.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin: Eine erste Einordnung (an initial classification)
| Christoph Sorge, Artus Krohn-Grimberghe
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://www.springerlink.com/content/cw1v762571tr4462/ Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90233.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin - an introduction to the workings and a preliminary analysis and understanding of potential legal issues
| Jean-Daniel Schmid, Alexander Schmid
| Article
| 2012
| [http://ef-r.ch/images/publications/1338882576_Bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Secure multiparty Bitcoin anonymization
| Edward Z. Yang
| Article
| 2012
| [http://blog.ezyang.com/2012/07/secure-multiparty-bitcoin-anonymization/ Download], [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/wvm2w/secure_multiparty_bitcoin_anonymization/ discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin & Gresham's Law - the economic inevitability of Collapse
| Philipp Güring, Ian Grigg
| Article
| 2011
| [http://iang.org/papers/BitcoinBreachesGreshamsLaw.pdf Download]
|-
| Today Techies, Tomorrow the World? Bitcoin.
| Reuben Grinberg
| Article
| 2012
| [http://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/review/2012_1/22-31MR53.pdf Download]
|-
| Traveling the Silk Road: A measurement analysis of a large anonymous online marketplace
| Nicolas Christin
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://www.cylab.cmu.edu/files/pdfs/tech_reports/CMUCyLab12018.pdf Download]
|-
| CommitCoin: Carbon Dating Commitments with Bitcoin
| Jeremy Clark and Aleksander Essex
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://people.scs.carleton.ca/~clark/papers/2012_fc.pdf Download extended abstract] [http://eprint.iacr.org/2011/677.pdf Download technical report]
|-
| Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph
| Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf Download]
|-
| Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine
| Piotr "ThePiachu" Piasecki
| Master's thesis
| 2012
| [https://dl.dropbox.com/u/3658181/PiotrPiasecki-BitcoinMasterThesis.pdf Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0 discussion]
|}

==See Also==

* [http://people.scs.carleton.ca/~clark/biblio.html Jeremy Clark's Bitcoin Bibliography]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economic]]
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical]]
* [[Press]]

[[Category:Research]]

Donation-accepting organizations and projects

2012-09-09T09:22:41Z

Capsqrl: Sparkleshare seems to no longer take bitcoin donations

Here is a list of organizations that accept bitcoin donations.
Only notable donation-accepting sites should be added here.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Organization
! Purpose
! Donation Page
|-
|-
|[http://www.osiris-sps.org Osiris-sps.org]
|Software for decentralized portal, managed and shared via P2P between members.
|[http://www.osiris-sps.org/donations/]
|-
|[http://www.bitcoinfunding.com BitcoinFunding.com]
|[Raise money with bitcoins] Kickstarter style website to raise funds for projects.
|[http://bitcoinfunding.com/]
|-
|[http://ahmia.fi/ Ahmia.fi]
|AHMIA is working with Tor related projects including running Tor Nodes and the only public Tor Hidden Service search.
|[http://ahmia.fi/]
|-
|[http://www.AncientBeast.com AncientBeast.com]
|[Free Open Source] Turn Based Strategy Game Played Online Against Other People. Master your beasts!
|[http://http://ancientbeast.com/bitcoin]
|-
|[http://www.anonyops.com/index.php Anonyops.com]
|News about Anonymous actions and operations
|[http://anonyops.com/bitcoindonate.php]
|-
|'''[http://www.archive.org/ Archive.org]'''
|Digital archive of public domain media, original open/free media and historical website backups
|[http://www.archive.org/about/faqs.php#311]
|-
|[http://www.anonnews.org/ Anonnews.org]
|Open news platform for Anonymous
|[http://anonnews.org/bitcoin.html]
|-
|[http://awesome.naquadah.org/ awesome]
|Window manager for X11
|[http://awesome.naquadah.org/community/]
|-
|[https://iplayernotifier.appspot.com/ BBC iPlayer Notifier]
|Email and Google Talk notification of new content available on BBC iPlayer
|[https://iplayernotifier.appspot.com/]
|-
|[http://www.beatingdebt.org BeatingDebt.org]
|Teaching debt prevention by placing educational ads, supporting debt prevention groups, and providing online resources
|[http://www.beatingdebt.org/donate.php#BitCoinDonation]
|-
|[http://www.backbox.org/ Backbox]
|Ubuntu-based GNU/Linux distribution for perform penetration tests and security assessments for ethical hacking
|[http://www.backbox.org/services]
|-
|[http://www.kk-velikelasce.si/ Basketball club KK Velike Lašče]
|Basketball club KK Velike Lašče from Slovenia playing in the lower national league
|[http://www.kk-velikelasce.si/pokrovitelji/]
|-
|[http://www.bitcharity.org/ BitCharity]
|Hub for donating to charities using Bitcoin
|[http://www.bitcharity.org]
|-
|[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52543.0 Bitcoin 100]
|Bitcoin 100: A Kickstarter for Charities (1BTC1oo)
|[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=52543.0]
|-
|[http://www.bitcoinspot.nl/ Bitcoinspot]
|Dutch website and forum about Bitcoins, how to acquire and how to use them.
|[http://www.bitcoinspot.nl/nieuws-algemeen/bitcoin-browser-integratie.html]
|-
|[http://www.bluetile.org Bluetile]
|Tiling window manager for GNOME
|[http://www.bluetile.org/#development]
|-
|[http://brmlab.cz/ Brmlab, hackerspace]
|The first hackerspace in the Czech Republic
|[http://brmlab.cz/project/bitcoin]
|-
|[http://c4ss.org/ Center for a Stateless Society]
|Builds public awareness of, and support for, market anarchism
|[http://c4ss.org/support-the-center]
|-
|[http://www.cheat-sheets.org/ Cheat-Sheets.org]
|Cheat/round-up/reference cards/guides/sheets for programming languages and software
|[http://www.cheat-sheets.org/]
|-
|[http://www.chambaproject.in/ Chamba Project]
|An effort to create a Swathanthra (Free/Libre/Open/Mukt) Animation Movie by pooling in contributions from people around the world and funding artists directly.
|[http://www.chambaproject.in/contribute/]
|-
|[http://www.bitcoinsreview.com Consumer - Merchant Trust Project]
|An initiative to increase trust between Consumer and Bitcoin Merchants. Proceedspay for hosting, ads, etc.
|[http://www.bitcoinsreview.com/donate/]
|-
|[http://convergence.io Convergence]
|Agile, distributed, and secure strategy for replacing certificate authorities.
|[http://convergence.io/involved.html]
|-
|[http://ccbib.org Creative Commons Bibliothek]
|Creative Commons and Public Domain library. Includes book source code for easy reprinting with custom layout. Local groups produce paper versions for lending.
|[http://ccbib.org/donate/]
|-
|[http://www.cryto.net/ Cryto Coding Collective]
|Host for IRC and web for free/libre software and cultural projects
|[http://www.cryto.net/donate/]
|-
|[http://www.DecryptedMatrix.com/ Decrypted Matrix ]
|Blog on science, society, nature, politics etc.
|[http://www.DecryptedMatrix.com]
|-
|[http://www.degenernet.com/ Degenernet Radio]
|Online radio station dedicated independent music from all genres
|[http://www.degenernet.com/donate.php]
|-
|[http://dia-installer.de/ dia-installer.de]
|Dia, popular open source diagramming software for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux
|[http://dia-installer.de/support/donations.html]
|-
|[https://www.diasporafoundation.org/ Diaspora Foundation]
|Developers and hosts of a distributed "social network"
|[https://www.diasporafoundation.org/donate#bitcoin]
|-
|[http://www.digitalprecursor.org/ Digital Precursor]
|Website and Forum dedicated to scientific learning (particularly energetics)
|[http://www.digitalprecursor.org/content.php/93-Anonymous-Donations-Now-Available]
|-
|[http://www.dosbox.com/ DOSBox]
|An x86 emulator with DOS
|[http://www.dosbox.com/crew.php]
|-
|[http://www.downsizedc.org/link?uri=/&src=btc-wiki DownsizeDC.org]
|USA federal government downsizing movement
|[https://secure.downsizedc.org/contribute/]
|-
|[http://www.duplicati.com/ Duplicati]
|Free, open source backup client that securely stores encrypted, incremental, compressed backups on cloud storage services and remote file servers. It works with Amazon S3, Windows Live SkyDrive, Google Drive (Google Docs), Rackspace Cloud Files or WebDAV, SSH, FTP (and many more).
|[http://www.duplicati.com/]
|-
|[http://www.dyne.org Dyne.org]
|Since the year 2000 producing free and open source software for media activism: makers of the 100% Free Dyne:bolic GNU/Linux distribution and more software to record, edit and stream audio and video materials on-line, encrypt private communications and recycle existing hardware.
|[http://www.dyne.org]
|-
|[http://spices.org.my/ Early Intervention Program at SPICES]
|Non-profit organization providing services to children with learning disabilities since 1997
|[http://spices.org.my/be-involved/donations/]
|-
|[http://encyclopediadramatica.ch/Main_Page Encyclopedia Dramatica]
|4chan's Wikipedia
|[http://encyclopediadramatica.ch/donate.php]
|-
|[https://www.erowid.org/ Erowid]
|Portal on psychoactive plants and chemicals, meditation, lucid etc.
|[https://www.erowid.org/donations/donations_bitcoin.php]
|-
|[http://eudemocracia.org/english.html Eudemocracia] NGO
|Dedicated to the creation of a modern form of government that combines direct democracy and internet.
|[http://wiki.eudemocracia.org/en/donaciones]
|-
|[http://www.expanton.com Expanton]
|Occupy Wall Street Support
|[http://www.expanton.com/]
|-
|[http://www.ezyorg.com/ Ezyorg.com]
|Organizing & Planning Tool
|[http://ezyorg.com/]
|-
|[http://www.foo.be/forban/ Forban]
|Filesharing protocol for local area networks
|[http://www.foo.be/forban/]
|-
|[http://freedomboxfoundation.org FreedomBox Foundation]
|Non-profit turning small plug computers into personal servers that guard your privacy, anonymity and security.
|[https://freedomboxfoundation.org/donate]
|-
|[https://freenetproject.org/ Freenet Project]
|The Free Network
|[https://freenetproject.org/donate.html]
|-
|[http://www.fsf.org Free Software Foundation]
|Worldwide advocate for software freedom and host organization for the GNU Project.
|[https://my.fsf.org/donate/other]
|-
|[http://www.freetalklive.com/ Free Talk Live]
|Help spread the message of liberty by donating to a liberty leaning nationally syndicated radio show!
|[http://www.freetalklive.com/bitcoin]
|-
|[http://freedomainradio.com/ Freedomain Radio]
|Online philosophical conversation about freedom, religion, the state, and the family
|[http://board.freedomainradio.com/forums/t/30241.aspx]
|-
|[http://www.freehal.org/ FreeHAL]
|a self-learning artificial intelligence available as free software
|[http://www.freehal.net/funds/?p=do&l=en]
|-
|[http://www.FreezingMoon.org FreezingMoon.org]
|Free Open Source Game Development Organization
|[http://http://FreezingMoon.org/bitcoin]
|-
|[http://www.gentlelan.de/ GentleLAN]
|Since many years free private LANs in Bremen / Germany
|[http://www.gentlelan.de/?page_id=193]
|-
|[http://www.girlsgonebitcoin.info GirlsGoneBitcoin]
|Girls gone wild with bitcoin accepting donations!
|[http://www.girlsgonebitcoin.info/]
|-
|[http://http://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/ Group B Strep International]
|Promoting GBS Awareness Worldwide
|[http://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/donate.html]
|-
|[http://gzzt.org/ GZZT.org]
|Popular Useful Links Reference Site
|[http://gzzt.org]
|-
|[http://www.reddit.com/r/hackbloc HackBloc on Reddit]
|Hacktivism, Crypto-anarchy, Darknets.
|[http://www.reddit.com/r/hackbloc]
|-
|[http://www.heavensentgaming.com Heaven Sent Gaming]
|Heaven Sent Gaming is a new media entertainment group founded by Mario Lucero and Isabel Ruiz, in 2006, as a game development team.
|[http://heavensentgaming.com/support-and-donations/]
|-
|[http://www.helplinux.ru Help Linux]
|Russian language Linux support
|[http://helplinux.ourproject.org/wiki/about:start]
|-
|[http://thejuicemedia.com Juice Rap News]
|Juice Rap News - the news show for the Internet nation, delivering a bulletin to restore your faith in the fourth estate, make you nod your head to the beat even as you shake it in disbelief.
|[http://thejuicemedia.com/donate/]
|-
|[http://i2p2.de/ I2P Anonymous Network]
|Anonymising network similar to tor
|[http://www.i2p2.de/donate.html]
|-
|[http://www.intercom.gs/ Intercom - Emergency Communications Division]
|We Build Censorship Resistant Phone and Communications Networks
|[http://www.intercom.gs/support.html]
|-
|[http://www.partito-pirata.it/ Italian Pirate Party]
|Italian Pirate Party - Associazione Partito Pirata Italia
|[http://www.partito-pirata.it/magazzino/payBTC.html]
|-
|[http://lifeboat.com Lifeboat Foundation]
|Organization for scientific advancements and against harm from technological progress
|[https://lifeboat.com/ex/summer.growth]
|-
|[http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Lojban Logical Language Group]
|The Logical Language Group, Inc. is a non-profit organization meant to serve the needs of the '''Lojban''' community.
|[http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Donations]
|-
|[http://lorea.org/ Lorea]
|A distributed and federated organization working on pushing open source for social networking, social economy and autonomy of the people.
|[https://n-1.cc/pg/pages/view/14888/]
|-
|[http://biohackers.la/ Los Angeles Biohackers]
|Grass-roots biotechnology lab in downtown Los Angeles
|[http://www.socal-diybio.org/Main_Page#Donate]
|-
|[http://la.indymedia.org/ Los Angeles Indymedia]
|User-generated left-wing news.
|[http://la.indymedia.org/]
|-
|[http://love2d.org/ LÖVE]
|An open source 2D game engine that uses the Lua programming language.
|[http://love2d.org/]
|-
|[http://mars.radiome.me M.A.R.S. Radio]
|Commercial-free alternative rock online radio station
|[http://radiome.me/]
|-
|[http://joyridelabs.de/game Nikki and the Robots]
|Cute cross-platform open source platformer game by Joyride Labs
|[http://joyridelabs.de/blog]
|-
|[https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions/ Open Transactions]
|Easy-to-use, Financial Crypto and Digital Cash Library.
|[https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Moneychanger]
|-
|[http://opengameart.org/ OpenGameArt.org]
|Produces and hosts freely licensed art for use in open source games
|[http://opengameart.org/content/donate-bitcoins]
|-
|[http://www.openwall.com Openwall Project]
|Development of information security related free software, information security research, publications, and community activities aimed at making existing free software safer to use.
|[http://www.openwall.com/donations/]
|-
|[https://www.operationanonymous.org/ Operation Anonymous]
|Anonymous Political Group
|[http://www.operationanonymous.org/]
|-
|[http://www.organicdesign.co.nz OrganicDesign]
|A group developing methods and tools to support open-source bottom-up peer-to-peer governance for the people
|[http://www.organicdesign.co.nz]
|-
|[http://www.paniq.cc paniq.cc]
|Music from the other side of the universe
|[http://www.paniq.cc]
|-
|[http://www.liberallibertario.org Partido Liberal Libertario]
|Libertarian Party of Argentina
|[http://www.liberallibertario.org/aportes]
|-
|[http://http://www.p2pfoundation.net P2P Foundation]
|Researching, documenting and promoting peer to peer practices
|[http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/why-the-p2p-foundation-is-paying-its-salaries-in-bitcoin/2012/03/28]
|-
|[http://patch-tag.com/ Patch-Tag.com]
|Darcs and gitit wiki hosting for open source projects
|[http://patch-tag.com/h/pricing]
|-
|[http://pioneerone.tv/ Pioneer One]
|TV series funded purely through donations
|[https://twitter.com/pioneeronetv/status/36119594439544832]
|-
|[http://pirax.de/ PiraX]
|Hacker collective and web-tool pioneers.
|[http://pirax.de/donate/]
|-
|[http://plankhead.com/ Plankhead]
|Free/open source media and arts organization
|[http://plankhead.com/donate]
|-
|[http://plaztika.com/?lang=en Plaztika]
|Virtual art space. Non-profit/runs on donations. New artists are welcome to join.
|[http://plaztika.com/Who-are-we]
|-
|[https://privacybox.de/index.en.html PrivacyBox]
|System for anonymous and non-trackable contact forms
|[https://privacybox.de/donations.en.html]
|-
|[http://bitcoinintro.com/project-hidden-treasure/ Project Hidden Treasure]
|Promotes Bitcoin to new users by 'hiding' them in Geocaches. Also explains Bitcoin use and security.
|[http://bitcoinintro.com/project-hidden-treasure/]
|-
|[http://prometheusfusionperfection.com/ Prometheus Fusion Perfection]
|Open source nuclear fusion research
|[http://prometheusfusionperfection.com/2011/02/04/bitcoin-fundraiser/]
|-
|[http://protestbarrick.net/ Protest Barrick]
|A global campaign against the world's largest gold miner
|[http://protestbarrick.net/article.php?id=764]
|-
|[http://queeky.com/ Queeky]
|an online drawing community with special drawing tools and creative users from all around the world
|[http://www.queeky.com/content/support-queeky-and-donate]
|-
|[http://www.reactos.org/ ReactOS]
|Free open source Windows-compatible operating system
|[http://www.reactos.org/en/foundation_donate.html]
|-
|[http://www.recycles.org/ Recycles.Org]
|Nonprofit Recycling and ReUse Network - Nationwide (USA) technology exchange clearinghouse for nonprofits
|[http://www.recycles.org/computer/donation/support/]
|-
|[https://ripplepay.com/ Ripple]
|Payment system based on trust networks
|[https://ripplepay.com/donate/]
|-
| [https://riseup.net/ Riseup]
| Anti-capitalist collective
|[https://help.riseup.net/en/donate#bitcoin]
|-
|[http://rusinfo.cc/ RusInfo]
|Russian info agency
|[http://rusinfo.cc/help]
|-
|[http://seasteading.org The Seasteading Institute]
|To further the establishment and growth of permanent, autonomous ocean communities, enabling innovation with new political and social systems.
|[http://twitter.com/#!/patrissimo/status/76392851558244353]
|-
|[http://singinst.org Singularity Institute]
|Artificial Intelligence
|[http://singinst.org/donate]
|-
|[http://somefunnypranks.com/ SomeFunnyPranks.com]
|Audio recordings of phone pranks under Creative Commons
|[http://somefunnypranks.com/]
|-
|[http://sosmazunte.weeno.net/ ¡SOS Mazunte!]
|Support campaign after the Carlotta hurricane that hit the coast of Oaxaca (Mexico), particularly the community of Mazunte, on June 15th.
|[http://sosmazunte.weeno.net/]
|-
|[http://www.demokracjabezposrednia.pl Stowarzyszenie Więcej Demokracji]
|Association for direct democracy in Poland
|[http://www.demokracjabezposrednia.pl/donate]
|-
|[http://wiki.sugarlabs.org Sugar Labs]
|Free/open sourcee education/learning software
|[http://wiki.sugarlabs.org/go/Donate]
|-
|[http://gorod-solnca.org/ Sun City]
|Ukrainian centre for children in difficult circumstances
|[http://sms.gorod-solnca.org/]
|-
|[http://www.symphonyofscience.com/ Symphony of Science]
|A musical project headed by John Boswell, to deliver scientific knowledge in musical form.
|[http://www.symphonyofscience.com/]
|-
|[http://tahoe-lafs.org/ Tahoe-LAFS]
|A distributed filesystem with funky redundancy properties
|[http://tahoe-lafs.org/trac/tahoe-lafs/wiki/BitCoinPage]
|-
|[http://tangorin.com Tangorin Japanese Dictionary]
|Free online Japanese dictionary in development since October 2007 by a former Japanology student.
|[http://tangorin.com/bitcoin]
|-
|[http://tmac.technitium.com/ Technitium]
|Freeware MAC Address Changer
|[http://blog.technitium.com/2011/08/accepting-donations-again.html]
|-
|[http://the-alternative.co.uk/support-us/ The-alternative.co.uk]
|Alternative news and articles
|[http://the-alternative.co.uk/support-us/]
|-
|[http://theexperiments.com The Experiments]
|A rock / punk band who's music is free to download and licensed under the Creative Commons
|[http://theexperiments.com]
|-
|[http://theicarusproject.net The Icarus Project]
|A mutual aid/peer support organization dedicated to radical mental health
|[http://theicarusproject.net/about-us/donate-to-the-icarus-project]
|-
| [http://ThePythonGameBook.com ThePythonGameBook]
| Free CC/GPL licensed wikibook to learn open source game programming in Python
| [http://thepythongamebook.com/en:help?&#donating_money]
|-
|[http://Tn3t.com/ TN3T LLC TOR Project]
|TN3T LLC operates 2 TOR exit nodes.
| [http://tn3t.com/donate.txt]
|-
|[http://torchat.googlecode.com/ TorChat]
|A serverless encrypted anonymous instant messenger running on top of the Tor network
|[http://torchat.googlecode.com/]
|-
|[https://www.torservers.net/ Torservers.net]
|Runs [http://www.torproject.org/ Tor] relays and bridges
|[https://www.torservers.net/donate.html#anonymous]
|-
|[https://vaizard.org/ Vaizard institute]
| Backing people who want to make the world a better place by making their ideas real.
|[https://vaizard.org/en/about/contacts/]
|-
|[http://wikileaks.org Wikileaks]
|Whistleblower website
|[http://wikileaks.org/support.html]
|-
|[http://wlcentral.org/ WL Central]
|News, analysis and actions related to Wikileaks
|[http://wlcentral.org/q-a]
|-
|[http://www.wakingupmovie.com Waking Up Movie Project]
|Humanist collaborative film project
|[http://www.wakingupmovie.com/2011/12/bitcoin-donations/]
|-
|[https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Main_Page Wikispooks]
|An encyclopedia of deep political structures and events
|[https://wikispooks.com/wiki/WikiSpooks:Donate]
|-
|[http://yorba.org Yorba]
|Software group developing free desktop applications for GNOME
|[http://yorba.org/donate]
|-
|[http://420chan.org/ 420chan]
|Imageboard community
|[http://420chan.org/donate/]
|-
|[http://zerostate.net Zero State]
|Grassroots technoprogressive community implementing practical solutions to advance the human condition.
|[http://zerostate.net/membership.html Category 2 membership] (Category 1 is free, category 3 is achievement based.)
|-
|[http://f-droid.org/ F–Droid]
|Android App market (like google play market) for open source apps
|[http://f-droid.org/]
|}

Research

2012-08-05T12:27:14Z

Capsqrl: Three additions

Publications including research and analysis of Bitcoin or related areas.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title
! Author
! Type
! Year
! Links
|-
| Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
| Satoshi Nakamoto
| Research paper
| 2009
| [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double Spending attacks on Fast Payments in Bitcoin
| Ghassan O. Karame, Elli Androulaki, Srdjan Cap-kun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/248 Download]
|-
| Shadowy Figures: Tracking Illicit Financial Transactions in the Murky World of Digital Currencies, Peer–to–Peer Networks, and Mobile Device Payments
| John Villasenor, Cody Monk, Christopher Bronk
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/ITP-pub-FinancialTransactions-082911.pdf Download]
|-
| An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System
| Fergal Reid, Martin Harrigan
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524 Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31539.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency
| Reuben Grinberg
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6247.0 discussion]
|-
| Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine.
| Piotr "ThePiachu" Piasecki
| Master's thesis
| 2012
| [https://dl.dropbox.com/u/3658181/PiotrPiasecki-BitcoinMasterThesis.pdf Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0 discussion]
|-
| The Production of Freedom: Value Production in the US- dominated Financial System, and Possible Alternatives
| Jeremy Kirshbaum
| Master's thesis
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JIyMWIibqH8x20vGBTMBZ2yqM7Xbp54UpWBh0o2H7WI/edit?pli=1 Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87404.0 discussion]
|-
| COIN: a distributed accounting system for peer to peer networks
| Fabio Varesano
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://www.varesano.net/contents/projects/coin%20distributed%20accounting%20system%20peer%20peer%20networks Download]
|-
| BITCOIN CLIENTS
| Rostislav Skudnov
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/47166/Skudnov_Rostislav.pdf?sequence=1 Download]
|-
| Bitter to Better—How to Make Bitcoin a Better Currency
| Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, Ersin Uzun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| NooShare: A decentralized ledger of shared computational resources
| Alex Coventry
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin NFC
| David Allen Bronleewe
| Master's report
| 2011
| [http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4150/BRONLEEWE-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1 Download], [http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-nfc source code]
|-
| Bits and Bets. Information, Price Volatility, and Demand for Bitcoin
| Martis Buchholz, Jess Delaney, Joseph Warren
| Final project
| 2012
| [http://academic.reed.edu/economics/parker/s12/312/finalproj/Bitcoin.pdf Download], [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/x7kop/economic_analysis_of_the_demand_for_bitcoin discussion], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=96003.0 discussion]
|-
| Optimal pool abuse strategy
| Raulo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3165.0 discussion]
|-
| Triple Entry Accounting
| Ian Grigg
| Research paper
| 2005
| [http://iang.org/papers/triple_entry.html Download]
|-
| Cyberlaundering: Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering
| R. Mark Bortner
| Research paper
| 1996
| [http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/seminar/papers/bortner.htm Download]
|-
| Abusing Bitcoin cooperative mining pools: strategies for egoistical but honest miners
| Nakamoto Ryo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bitcoinservice.co.uk/files/111 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2941.0 discussion]
|-
| Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems
| Meni Rosenfeld
| Research paper
| 2011
| [https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32814.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin Exchange system
| Tomáš Jiříček
| Research paper
| 2012
| [https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/jiricto2_2012bach.pdf Download]
|-
| On Bitcoin and Red Balloons
| Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren, Aviv Zohar
| Publication article
| 2012
| [http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/156072/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| 2011 Observations on the Digital Currency Industry
| Mark Herpel
| Publication article
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1721076 Download]
|-
| MAVE, New Lightweight Digital Signature Protocols for Massive Verifications
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mave1.pdf Download]
|-
| MAVEPAY, a New Lightweight Payment Scheme for Peer to Peer Currency Networks
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mavepay1.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin: Eine erste Einordnung (an initial classification)
| Christoph Sorge, Artus Krohn-Grimberghe
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://www.springerlink.com/content/cw1v762571tr4462/ Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90233.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin - an introduction to the workings and a preliminary analysis and understanding of potential legal issues
| Jean-Daniel Schmid, Alexander Schmid
| Article
| 2012
| [http://ef-r.ch/images/publications/1338882576_Bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Secure multiparty Bitcoin anonymization
| Edward Z. Yang
| Article
| 2012
| [http://blog.ezyang.com/2012/07/secure-multiparty-bitcoin-anonymization/ Download], [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/wvm2w/secure_multiparty_bitcoin_anonymization/ discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin & Gresham's Law - the economic inevitability of Collapse
| Philipp Güring, Ian Grigg
| Article
| 2011
| [http://iang.org/papers/BitcoinBreachesGreshamsLaw.pdf Download]
|-
| Today Techies, Tomorrow the World? Bitcoin.
| Reuben Grinberg
| Article
| 2012
| [http://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/review/2012_1/22-31MR53.pdf Download]
|-
| Traveling the Silk Road: A measurement analysis of a large anonymous online marketplace
| Nicolas Christin
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://www.cylab.cmu.edu/files/pdfs/tech_reports/CMUCyLab12018.pdf Download]
|}

==See Also==

* [[:Category:Economics|Economic]]
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical]]
* [[Press]]

[[Category:Research]]

Research

2012-07-27T11:25:28Z

Capsqrl: "Bits and Bets" was already on the list, merging

Publications including research and analysis of Bitcoin or related areas.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title
! Author
! Type
! Year
! Links
|-
| Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
| Satoshi Nakamoto
| Research paper
| 2009
| [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double Spending attacks on Fast Payments in Bitcoin
| Ghassan O. Karame, Elli Androulaki, Srdjan Cap-kun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/248 Download]
|-
| Shadowy Figures: Tracking Illicit Financial Transactions in the Murky World of Digital Currencies, Peer–to–Peer Networks, and Mobile Device Payments
| John Villasenor, Cody Monk, Christopher Bronk
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/ITP-pub-FinancialTransactions-082911.pdf Download]
|-
| An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System
| Fergal Reid, Martin Harrigan
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524 Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31539.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency
| Reuben Grinberg
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6247.0 discussion]
|-
| Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine.
| Piotr "ThePiachu" Piasecki
| Master's thesis
| 2012
| [https://dl.dropbox.com/u/3658181/PiotrPiasecki-BitcoinMasterThesis.pdf Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0 discussion]
|-
| The Production of Freedom: Value Production in the US- dominated Financial System, and Possible Alternatives
| Jeremy Kirshbaum
| Master's thesis
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JIyMWIibqH8x20vGBTMBZ2yqM7Xbp54UpWBh0o2H7WI/edit?pli=1 Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87404.0 discussion]
|-
| COIN: a distributed accounting system for peer to peer networks
| Fabio Varesano
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://www.varesano.net/contents/projects/coin%20distributed%20accounting%20system%20peer%20peer%20networks Download]
|-
| BITCOIN CLIENTS
| Rostislav Skudnov
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/47166/Skudnov_Rostislav.pdf?sequence=1 Download]
|-
| Bitter to Better—How to Make Bitcoin a Better Currency
| Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, Ersin Uzun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| NooShare: A decentralized ledger of shared computational resources
| Alex Coventry
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin NFC
| David Allen Bronleewe
| Master's report
| 2011
| [http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4150/BRONLEEWE-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1 Download], [http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-nfc source code]
|-
| Bits and Bets. Information, Price Volatility, and Demand for Bitcoin
| Martis Buchholz, Jess Delaney, Joseph Warren
| Final project
| 2012
| [http://academic.reed.edu/economics/parker/s12/312/finalproj/Bitcoin.pdf Download], [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/x7kop/economic_analysis_of_the_demand_for_bitcoin discussion], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=96003.0 discussion]
|-
| Optimal pool abuse strategy
| Raulo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3165.0 discussion]
|-
| Triple Entry Accounting
| Ian Grigg
| Research paper
| 2005
| [http://iang.org/papers/triple_entry.html Download]
|-
| Cyberlaundering: Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering
| R. Mark Bortner
| Research paper
| 1996
| [http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/seminar/papers/bortner.htm Download]
|-
| Abusing Bitcoin cooperative mining pools: strategies for egoistical but honest miners
| Nakamoto Ryo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bitcoinservice.co.uk/files/111 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2941.0 discussion]
|-
| Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems
| Meni Rosenfeld
| Research paper
| 2011
| [https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32814.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin Exchange system
| Tomáš Jiříček
| Research paper
| 2012
| [https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/jiricto2_2012bach.pdf Download]
|-
| On Bitcoin and Red Balloons
| Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren, Aviv Zohar
| Publication article
| 2012
| [http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/156072/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| 2011 Observations on the Digital Currency Industry
| Mark Herpel
| Publication article
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1721076 Download]
|-
| MAVE, New Lightweight Digital Signature Protocols for Massive Verifications
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mave1.pdf Download]
|-
| MAVEPAY, a New Lightweight Payment Scheme for Peer to Peer Currency Networks
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mavepay1.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin: Eine erste Einordnung (an initial classification)
| Christoph Sorge, Artus Krohn-Grimberghe
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://www.springerlink.com/content/cw1v762571tr4462/ Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90233.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin - an introduction to the workings and a preliminary analysis and understanding of potential legal issues
| Jean-Daniel Schmid, Alexander Schmid
| Article
| 2012
| [http://ef-r.ch/images/publications/1338882576_Bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Secure multiparty Bitcoin anonymization
| Edward Z. Yang
| Article
| 2012
| [http://blog.ezyang.com/2012/07/secure-multiparty-bitcoin-anonymization/ Download], [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/wvm2w/secure_multiparty_bitcoin_anonymization/ discussion]
|}

==See Also==

* [[:Category:Economics|Economic]]
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical]]
* [[Press]]

[[Category:Research]]

Research

2012-07-20T21:23:24Z

Capsqrl: Should be MAVE, not WAVE

Publications including research and analysis of Bitcoin or related areas.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title
! Author
! Type
! Year
! Links
|-
| Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
| Satoshi Nakamoto
| Research paper
| 2009
| [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double Spending attacks on Fast Payments in Bitcoin
| Ghassan O. Karame, Elli Androulaki, Srdjan Cap-kun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/248 Download]
|-
| Shadowy Figures: Tracking Illicit Financial Transactions in the Murky World of Digital Currencies, Peer–to–Peer Networks, and Mobile Device Payments
| John Villasenor, Cody Monk, Christopher Bronk
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/ITP-pub-FinancialTransactions-082911.pdf Download]
|-
| An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System
| Fergal Reid, Martin Harrigan
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524 Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31539.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency
| Reuben Grinberg
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6247.0 discussion]
|-
| Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine.
| Piotr "ThePiachu" Piasecki
| Master's thesis
| 2012
| [https://dl.dropbox.com/u/3658181/PiotrPiasecki-BitcoinMasterThesis.pdf Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0 discussion]
|-
| The Production of Freedom: Value Production in the US- dominated Financial System, and Possible Alternatives
| Jeremy Kirshbaum
| Master's thesis
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JIyMWIibqH8x20vGBTMBZ2yqM7Xbp54UpWBh0o2H7WI/edit?pli=1 Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87404.0 discussion]
|-
| COIN: a distributed accounting system for peer to peer networks
| Fabio Varesano
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://www.varesano.net/contents/projects/coin%20distributed%20accounting%20system%20peer%20peer%20networks Download]
|-
| BITCOIN CLIENTS
| Rostislav Skudnov
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/47166/Skudnov_Rostislav.pdf?sequence=1 Download]
|-
| Bitter to Better—How to Make Bitcoin a Better Currency
| Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, Ersin Uzun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| NooShare: A decentralized ledger of shared computational resources
| Alex Coventry
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin NFC
| David Allen Bronleewe
| Master's report
| 2011
| [http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4150/BRONLEEWE-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1 Download], [http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-nfc source code]
|-
| Bits and Bets. Information, Price Volatility, and Demand for Bitcoin
| Martis Buchholz, Jess Delaney, Joseph Warren
| Final project
| 2012
| [http://academic.reed.edu/economics/parker/s12/312/finalproj/Bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Optimal pool abuse strategy
| Raulo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3165.0 discussion]
|-
| Triple Entry Accounting
| Ian Grigg
| Research paper
| 2005
| [http://iang.org/papers/triple_entry.html Download]
|-
| Cyberlaundering: Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering
| R. Mark Bortner
| Research paper
| 1996
| [http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/seminar/papers/bortner.htm Download]
|-
| Abusing Bitcoin cooperative mining pools: strategies for egoistical but honest miners
| Nakamoto Ryo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bitcoinservice.co.uk/files/111 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2941.0 discussion]
|-
| Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems
| Meni Rosenfeld
| Research paper
| 2011
| [https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32814.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin Exchange system
| Tomáš Jiříček
| Research paper
| 2012
| [https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/jiricto2_2012bach.pdf Download]
|-
| On Bitcoin and Red Balloons
| Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren, Aviv Zohar
| Publication article
| 2012
| [http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/156072/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| 2011 Observations on the Digital Currency Industry
| Mark Herpel
| Publication article
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1721076 Download]
|-
| MAVE, New Lightweight Digital Signature Protocols for Massive Verifications
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mave1.pdf Download]
|-
| MAVEPAY, a New Lightweight Payment Scheme for Peer to Peer Currency Networks
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mavepay1.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin: Eine erste Einordnung (an initial classification)
| Christoph Sorge, Artus Krohn-Grimberghe
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://www.springerlink.com/content/cw1v762571tr4462/ Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90233.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin - an introduction to the workings and a preliminary analysis and understanding of potential legal issues
| Jean-Daniel Schmid, Alexander Schmid
| Article
| 2012
| [http://ef-r.ch/images/publications/1338882576_Bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Secure multiparty Bitcoin anonymization
| Edward Z. Yang
| Article
| 2012
| [http://blog.ezyang.com/2012/07/secure-multiparty-bitcoin-anonymization/ Download], [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/wvm2w/secure_multiparty_bitcoin_anonymization/ discussion]
|}

==See Also==

* [[:Category:Economics|Economic]]
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical]]
* [[Press]]

[[Category:Research]]

Research

2012-07-20T21:14:15Z

Capsqrl: Adding "Secure multiparty Bitcoin anonymization". While it's technically just a blog post, it's researchy enough I think.

Publications including research and analysis of Bitcoin or related areas.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title
! Author
! Type
! Year
! Links
|-
| Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
| Satoshi Nakamoto
| Research paper
| 2009
| [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double Spending attacks on Fast Payments in Bitcoin
| Ghassan O. Karame, Elli Androulaki, Srdjan Cap-kun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/248 Download]
|-
| Shadowy Figures: Tracking Illicit Financial Transactions in the Murky World of Digital Currencies, Peer–to–Peer Networks, and Mobile Device Payments
| John Villasenor, Cody Monk, Christopher Bronk
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/ITP-pub-FinancialTransactions-082911.pdf Download]
|-
| An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System
| Fergal Reid, Martin Harrigan
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524 Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31539.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency
| Reuben Grinberg
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6247.0 discussion]
|-
| Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine.
| Piotr "ThePiachu" Piasecki
| Master's thesis
| 2012
| [https://dl.dropbox.com/u/3658181/PiotrPiasecki-BitcoinMasterThesis.pdf Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0 discussion]
|-
| The Production of Freedom: Value Production in the US- dominated Financial System, and Possible Alternatives
| Jeremy Kirshbaum
| Master's thesis
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JIyMWIibqH8x20vGBTMBZ2yqM7Xbp54UpWBh0o2H7WI/edit?pli=1 Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87404.0 discussion]
|-
| COIN: a distributed accounting system for peer to peer networks
| Fabio Varesano
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://www.varesano.net/contents/projects/coin%20distributed%20accounting%20system%20peer%20peer%20networks Download]
|-
| BITCOIN CLIENTS
| Rostislav Skudnov
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/47166/Skudnov_Rostislav.pdf?sequence=1 Download]
|-
| Bitter to Better—How to Make Bitcoin a Better Currency
| Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, Ersin Uzun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| NooShare: A decentralized ledger of shared computational resources
| Alex Coventry
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin NFC
| David Allen Bronleewe
| Master's report
| 2011
| [http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4150/BRONLEEWE-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1 Download], [http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-nfc source code]
|-
| Bits and Bets. Information, Price Volatility, and Demand for Bitcoin
| Martis Buchholz, Jess Delaney, Joseph Warren
| Final project
| 2012
| [http://academic.reed.edu/economics/parker/s12/312/finalproj/Bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Optimal pool abuse strategy
| Raulo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3165.0 discussion]
|-
| Triple Entry Accounting
| Ian Grigg
| Research paper
| 2005
| [http://iang.org/papers/triple_entry.html Download]
|-
| Cyberlaundering: Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering
| R. Mark Bortner
| Research paper
| 1996
| [http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/seminar/papers/bortner.htm Download]
|-
| Abusing Bitcoin cooperative mining pools: strategies for egoistical but honest miners
| Nakamoto Ryo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bitcoinservice.co.uk/files/111 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2941.0 discussion]
|-
| Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems
| Meni Rosenfeld
| Research paper
| 2011
| [https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32814.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin Exchange system
| Tomáš Jiříček
| Research paper
| 2012
| [https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/jiricto2_2012bach.pdf Download]
|-
| On Bitcoin and Red Balloons
| Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren, Aviv Zohar
| Publication article
| 2012
| [http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/156072/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| 2011 Observations on the Digital Currency Industry
| Mark Herpel
| Publication article
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1721076 Download]
|-
| WAVE, New Lightweight Digital Signature Protocols for Massive Verifications
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mave1.pdf Download]
|-
| WAVEPAY, a New Lightweight Payment Scheme for Peer to Peer Currency Networks
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mavepay1.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin: Eine erste Einordnung (an initial classification)
| Christoph Sorge, Artus Krohn-Grimberghe
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://www.springerlink.com/content/cw1v762571tr4462/ Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90233.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin - an introduction to the workings and a preliminary analysis and understanding of potential legal issues
| Jean-Daniel Schmid, Alexander Schmid
| Article
| 2012
| [http://ef-r.ch/images/publications/1338882576_Bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Secure multiparty Bitcoin anonymization
| Edward Z. Yang
| Article
| 2012
| [http://blog.ezyang.com/2012/07/secure-multiparty-bitcoin-anonymization/ Download], [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/wvm2w/secure_multiparty_bitcoin_anonymization/ discussion]
|}

==See Also==

* [[:Category:Economics|Economic]]
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical]]
* [[Press]]

[[Category:Research]]

User:Capsqrl

2012-07-20T21:03:28Z

Capsqrl: Tip jar

I am also [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=61887 Capsqrl on the forum].

Tip jar: 1JGWxkLrukQFqev69D86Wd7Ys73h4yfqEy

Research

2012-07-20T20:39:10Z

Capsqrl: Link formatting

Publications including research and analysis of Bitcoin or related areas.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title
! Author
! Type
! Year
! Links
|-
| Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
| Satoshi Nakamoto
| Research paper
| 2009
| [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double Spending attacks on Fast Payments in Bitcoin
| Ghassan O. Karame, Elli Androulaki, Srdjan Cap-kun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/248 Download]
|-
| Shadowy Figures: Tracking Illicit Financial Transactions in the Murky World of Digital Currencies, Peer–to–Peer Networks, and Mobile Device Payments
| John Villasenor, Cody Monk, Christopher Bronk
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/ITP-pub-FinancialTransactions-082911.pdf Download]
|-
| An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System
| Fergal Reid, Martin Harrigan
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524 Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31539.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency
| Reuben Grinberg
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6247.0 discussion]
|-
| Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine.
| Piotr "ThePiachu" Piasecki
| Master's thesis
| 2012
| [https://dl.dropbox.com/u/3658181/PiotrPiasecki-BitcoinMasterThesis.pdf Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0 discussion]
|-
| The Production of Freedom: Value Production in the US- dominated Financial System, and Possible Alternatives
| Jeremy Kirshbaum
| Master's thesis
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JIyMWIibqH8x20vGBTMBZ2yqM7Xbp54UpWBh0o2H7WI/edit?pli=1 Download], [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87404.0 discussion]
|-
| COIN: a distributed accounting system for peer to peer networks
| Fabio Varesano
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://www.varesano.net/contents/projects/coin%20distributed%20accounting%20system%20peer%20peer%20networks Download]
|-
| BITCOIN CLIENTS
| Rostislav Skudnov
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| [http://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/47166/Skudnov_Rostislav.pdf?sequence=1 Download]
|-
| Bitter to Better—How to Make Bitcoin a Better Currency
| Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, Ersin Uzun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| NooShare: A decentralized ledger of shared computational resources
| Alex Coventry
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin NFC
| David Allen Bronleewe
| Master's report
| 2011
| [http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4150/BRONLEEWE-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1 Download], [http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-nfc source code]
|-
| Bits and Bets. Information, Price Volatility, and Demand for Bitcoin
| Martis Buchholz, Jess Delaney, Joseph Warren
| Final project
| 2012
| [http://academic.reed.edu/economics/parker/s12/312/finalproj/Bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| Optimal pool abuse strategy
| Raulo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3165.0 discussion]
|-
| Triple Entry Accounting
| Ian Grigg
| Research paper
| 2005
| [http://iang.org/papers/triple_entry.html Download]
|-
| Cyberlaundering: Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering
| R. Mark Bortner
| Research paper
| 1996
| [http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/seminar/papers/bortner.htm Download]
|-
| Abusing Bitcoin cooperative mining pools: strategies for egoistical but honest miners
| Nakamoto Ryo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bitcoinservice.co.uk/files/111 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2941.0 discussion]
|-
| Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems
| Meni Rosenfeld
| Research paper
| 2011
| [https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32814.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin Exchange system
| Tomáš Jiříček
| Research paper
| 2012
| [https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/jiricto2_2012bach.pdf Download]
|-
| On Bitcoin and Red Balloons
| Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren, Aviv Zohar
| Publication article
| 2012
| [http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/156072/bitcoin.pdf Download]
|-
| 2011 Observations on the Digital Currency Industry
| Mark Herpel
| Publication article
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1721076 Download]
|-
| WAVE, New Lightweight Digital Signature Protocols for Massive Verifications
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mave1.pdf Download]
|-
| WAVEPAY, a New Lightweight Payment Scheme for Peer to Peer Currency Networks
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| [http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mavepay1.pdf Download]
|-
| Bitcoin: Eine erste Einordnung (an initial classification)
| Christoph Sorge, Artus Krohn-Grimberghe
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://www.springerlink.com/content/cw1v762571tr4462/ Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90233.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin - an introduction to the workings and a preliminary analysis and understanding of potential legal issues
| Jean-Daniel Schmid, Alexander Schmid
| Article
| 2012
| [http://ef-r.ch/images/publications/1338882576_Bitcoin.pdf Download]
|}

==See Also==

* [[:Category:Economics|Economic]]
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical]]
* [[Press]]

[[Category:Research]]

Research

2012-07-20T20:33:53Z

Capsqrl: Integrate the articles from External links, some link formatting

Publications including research and analysis of Bitcoin or related areas.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title
! Author
! Type
! Year
! Links
|-
| Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
| Satoshi Nakamoto
| Research paper
| 2009
| http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
|-
| Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double Spending attacks on Fast Payments in Bitcoin
| Ghassan O. Karame, Elli Androulaki, Srdjan Cap-kun
| Research paper
| 2012
| [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/248 Download]
|-
| Shadowy Figures: Tracking Illicit Financial Transactions in the Murky World of Digital Currencies, Peer–to–Peer Networks, and Mobile Device Payments
| John Villasenor, Cody Monk, Christopher Bronk
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/ITP-pub-FinancialTransactions-082911.pdf Download]
|-
| An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System
| Fergal Reid, Martin Harrigan
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524 Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31539.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency
| Reuben Grinberg
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6247.0 discussion]
|-
| Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine.
| Piotr "ThePiachu" Piasecki
| Master's thesis
| 2012
| https://dl.dropbox.com/u/3658181/PiotrPiasecki-BitcoinMasterThesis.pdf https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0
|-
| The Production of Freedom: Value Production in the US- dominated Financial System, and Possible Alternatives
| Jeremy Kirshbaum
| Master's thesis
| 2012 (preliminary)
| https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JIyMWIibqH8x20vGBTMBZ2yqM7Xbp54UpWBh0o2H7WI/edit?pli=1 https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87404.0
|-
| COIN: a distributed accounting system for peer to peer networks
| Fabio Varesano
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| http://www.varesano.net/contents/projects/coin%20distributed%20accounting%20system%20peer%20peer%20networks
|-
| BITCOIN CLIENTS
| Rostislav Skudnov
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| http://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/47166/Skudnov_Rostislav.pdf?sequence=1
|-
| Bitter to Better—How to Make Bitcoin a Better Currency
| Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, Ersin Uzun
| Research paper
| 2012
| http://crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf
|-
| NooShare: A decentralized ledger of shared computational resources
| Alex Coventry
| Research paper
| 2012
| http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf
|-
| Bitcoin NFC
| David Allen Bronleewe
| Master's report
| 2011
| [http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4150/BRONLEEWE-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1 Download], [http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-nfc source]
|-
| Bits and Bets. Information, Price Volatility, and Demand for Bitcoin
| Martis Buchholz, Jess Delaney, Joseph Warren
| Final project
| 2012
| http://academic.reed.edu/economics/parker/s12/312/finalproj/Bitcoin.pdf
|-
| Optimal pool abuse strategy
| Raulo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3165.0 discussion]
|-
| Triple Entry Accounting
| Ian Grigg
| Research paper
| 2005
| [http://iang.org/papers/triple_entry.html Download]
|-
| Cyberlaundering: Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering
| R. Mark Bortner
| Research paper
| 1996
| [http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/seminar/papers/bortner.htm Download]
|-
| Abusing Bitcoin cooperative mining pools: strategies for egoistical but honest miners
| Nakamoto Ryo
| Research paper
| 2011
| [http://www.bitcoinservice.co.uk/files/111 Download], [http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2941.0 discussion]
|-
| Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems
| Meni Rosenfeld
| Research paper
| 2011
| [https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf Download], [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32814.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin Exchange system
| Tomáš Jiříček
| Research paper
| 2012
| https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/jiricto2_2012bach.pdf
|-
| On Bitcoin and Red Balloons
| Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren, Aviv Zohar
| Publication article
| 2012
| http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/156072/bitcoin.pdf
|-
| 2011 Observations on the Digital Currency Industry
| Mark Herpel
| Publication article
| 2011
| [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1721076 Download]
|-
| WAVE, New Lightweight Digital Signature Protocols for Massive Verifications
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mave1.pdf
|-
| WAVEPAY, a New Lightweight Payment Scheme for Peer to Peer Currency Networks
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mavepay1.pdf
|-
| Bitcoin: Eine erste Einordnung (an initial classification)
| Christoph Sorge, Artus Krohn-Grimberghe
| Research paper
| 2012
| http://www.springerlink.com/content/cw1v762571tr4462/ [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90233.0 discussion]
|-
| Bitcoin - an introduction to the workings and a preliminary analysis and understanding of potential legal issues
| Jean-Daniel Schmid, Alexander Schmid
| Article
| 2012
| [http://ef-r.ch/images/publications/1338882576_Bitcoin.pdf Download]
|}

==See Also==

* [[:Category:Economics|Economic]]
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical]]
* [[Press]]

[[Category:Research]]

Research

2012-07-20T20:05:01Z

Capsqrl: Copy and format de3mka's collection from the forum. Will integrate the external links next.

Publications including research and analysis of Bitcoin or related areas.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title
! Author
! Type
! Year
! Link
|-
| Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
| Satoshi Nakamoto
| Research paper
| 2009
| http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
|-
| Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine.
| Piotr "ThePiachu" Piasecki
| Master's thesis
| 2012
| https://dl.dropbox.com/u/3658181/PiotrPiasecki-BitcoinMasterThesis.pdf https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=88149.0
|-
| The Production of Freedom: Value Production in the US- dominated Financial System, and Possible Alternatives
| Jeremy Kirshbaum
| Master's thesis
| 2012 (preliminary)
| https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JIyMWIibqH8x20vGBTMBZ2yqM7Xbp54UpWBh0o2H7WI/edit?pli=1 https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=87404.0
|-
| COIN: a distributed accounting system for peer to peer networks
| Fabio Varesano
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| http://www.varesano.net/contents/projects/coin%20distributed%20accounting%20system%20peer%20peer%20networks
|-
| BITCOIN CLIENTS
| Rostislav Skudnov
| Bachelor's thesis
| 2012
| http://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/47166/Skudnov_Rostislav.pdf?sequence=1
|-
| Bitter to Better—How to Make Bitcoin a Better Currency
| Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, Ersin Uzun
| Research paper
| 2012
| http://crypto.stanford.edu/~xb/fc12/bitcoin.pdf
|-
| NooShare: A decentralized ledger of shared computational resources
| Alex Coventry
| Research paper
| 2012
| http://mit.edu/alex_c/www/nooshare.pdf
|-
| Bitcoin NFC
| David Allen Bronleewe
| Master's report
| 2011
| http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4150/BRONLEEWE-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1
|-
| Bits and Bets. Information, Price Volatility, and Demand for Bitcoin
| Martis Buchholz, Jess Delaney, Joseph Warren
| Final project
| 2012
| http://academic.reed.edu/economics/parker/s12/312/finalproj/Bitcoin.pdf
|-
| Optimal pool abuse strategy
| Raulo
| Research paper
| 2011
| http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf
|-
| Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems
| Meni Rosenfeld
| Research paper
| 2011
| https://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf
|-
| Bitcoin Exchange system
| Tomáš Jiříček
| Research paper
| 2012
| https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/jiricto2_2012bach.pdf
|-
| On Bitcoin and Red Balloons
| Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren, Aviv Zohar
| Publication article
| 2012
| http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/156072/bitcoin.pdf
|-
| WAVE, New Lightweight Digital Signature Protocols for Massive Verifications
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mave1.pdf
|-
| WAVEPAY, a New Lightweight Payment Scheme for Peer to Peer Currency Networks
| Sergio Demian Lerner
| Research paper
| 2012 (preliminary)
| http://bitslog.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mavepay1.pdf
|}

==See Also==

* [[:Category:Economics|Economic]]
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical]]
* [[Press]]

==External Links==
* [https://dl.dropbox.com/u/3658181/PiotrPiasecki-BitcoinMasterThesis.pdf Design and security analysis of Bitcoin infrastructure using application deployed on Google Apps Engine] 2012-06-06 by Piotr Piasecki
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/cw1v762571tr4462/ Bitcoin: Eine erste Einordnung (an initial classification)] (German) 2012-06 by Christoph Sorge and Artus Krohn-Grimberghe ([http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=90233.0 discussion])
* [http://ef-r.ch/images/publications/1338882576_Bitcoin.pdf Bitcoin - an introduction to the workings and a preliminary analysis and understanding of potential legal issues] (German) 2012-06-04 by Jean-Daniel Schmid and Alexander Schmid
* [http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/248 Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double Spending attacks on Fast Payments in Bitcoin] 2012-05-03 by Ghassan O. Karame and Elli Androulaki and Srdjan Cap-kun
* [http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=156072 On Bitcoin and Red Balloons] 2011-11 by Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren and Aviv Zohar
* [http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/ITP-pub-FinancialTransactions-082911.pdf Shadowy Figures: Tracking Illicit Financial Transactions in the Murky World of Digital Currencies, Peer–to–Peer Networks, and Mobile Device Payments] 2011-08-29 by John Villasenor, Cody Monk and Christopher Bronk
* [http://david.bronleewe.net/bitcoin-nfc/bitcoin-nfc.pdf Bitcoin NFC] 2011-08 by David Allen Bronleewe ([http://code.google.com/p/bitcoin-nfc source])
* [http://bitcoil.co.il/pool_analysis.pdf Analysis of Bitcoin pooled mining reward systems] 2011-08-04 by Meni Rosenfeld ([http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=32814.0 discussion])
* [http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524 An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System] 2011-07-22 by Fergal Reid, Martin Harrigan ([http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=31539.0 discussion])
* [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency] 2011-04-21 by Reuben Grinberg, Yale ([http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=6247.0 discussion])
* [http://bitcoin.atspace.com/poolcheating.pdf Optimal pool abuse strategy] 2011-02-04 by Raulo ([http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3165.0 discussion])
* [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1721076 2011 Observations on the Digital Currency Industry] 2011-01 by Mark Herpel for DGC Magazine
* [http://www.bitcoinservice.co.uk/files/111 Abusing Bitcoin cooperative mining pools: strategies for egoistical but honest miners] 2011-01 by Nakamoto Ryo ([http://www.bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2941.0 discussion])
* [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System] 2008-10-31 by [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]
* [http://iang.org/papers/triple_entry.html Triple Entry Accounting] by Ian Grigg
* [http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/seminar/papers/bortner.htm Cyberlaundering:Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering] 1996 by R. Mark Bortner

[[Category:Research]]